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F18News: Turkmenistan - Religious freedom survey, April 2004

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  • F18News: Turkmenistan - Religious freedom survey, April 2004

    FORUM 18 NEWS SERVICE, Oslo, Norway
    http://www.forum18.org/

    The right to believe, to worship and witness
    The right to change one's belief or religion
    The right to join together and express one's belief

    =================================================

    Wednesday 7 April 2004
    TURKMENISTAN: RELIGIOUS FREEDOM SURVEY, APRIL 2004

    In its survey analysis of the religious freedom situation in Turkmenistan,
    Forum 18 News Service reports on the almost complete lack of freedom to
    practice any faith, apart from very limited freedom for Sunni Islam and
    Russian Orthodox Christianity with a small number of registered places of
    worship and constant interference and control by the state. This is despite
    recent legal changes that in theory allow minority communities to register.
    All other communities - Baptist, Pentecostal, Adventist, Lutheran and other
    Protestants, as well as Shia Muslim, Armenian Apostolic, Jewish, Baha'i,
    Jehovah's Witness and Hare Krishna - are currently banned and their
    activity punishable under the administrative or criminal law. Religious
    meetings have been broken up, with raids in March on Jehovah's Witnesses
    and a Baha'i even as the government was proclaiming a new religious policy.
    Believers have been threatened, detained, beaten, fined and sacked from
    their jobs, while homes used for worship and religious literature have been
    confiscated. Although some minority communities have sought information on
    how to register under the new procedures, none has so far applied to
    register. It remains very doubtful that Turkmenistan will in practice allow
    religious faiths to be practiced freely.

    TURKMENISTAN: RELIGIOUS FREEDOM SURVEY, APRIL 2004

    By Felix Corley, Forum 18 News Service

    Despite legal changes in March that - at least theoretically -
    allow minority religious communities to register for the first time since
    1997, Turkmenistan retains one of the harshest systems of state control
    over religious life of any of the former Soviet republics. Under the highly
    restrictive 1996 religion law, only two religious faiths were able to gain
    registration: communities of the state-sanctioned Sunni Muslim Board and
    the Russian Orthodox Church. Amendments to the religion law enacted in
    October 2003 made all unregistered religious activity de jure illegal and a
    criminal offence. Unregistered religious activity was already being de
    facto treated as criminal activity. Baptist, Pentecostal, Adventist,
    Lutheran and other Protestant churches, as well as Shia Muslim, Armenian
    Apostolic, Jewish, Baha'i, Jehovah's Witness and Hare Krishna communities
    are among those whose activity is banned and punishable under the
    administrative or criminal law.

    The surprise legal changes this year came at a time when Turkmenistan's
    government was under heavy international pressure over its human rights
    abuses. Key United Nations bodies had already condemned Turkmenistan's
    record and this was due to come up again at the UN Commission on Human
    Rights in Geneva, which opened on 15 March. The legal changes were heralded
    by a decree from President Saparmurat Niyazov on 11 March, the same day
    that the president met the visiting United States Deputy Assistant
    Secretary of State Lynn Pascoe, who had raised human rights concerns. A
    parallel decree issued at the same time eased exit requirements, a second
    key foreign concern.

    The presidential religion decree abolished the requirement to have 500
    adult citizen members before a community could apply for registration with
    the Adalat (Fairness or Justice) Ministry, explicitly allowing
    "religious groups of citizens" to register "independently of
    their number, faith and religion". However, Adalat Ministry officials
    immediately stressed to Forum 18 that unregistered activity remains a
    criminal offence.

    The decree was followed up by amendments to the religion law, published on
    24 March. The new law requires that "religious groups" must have
    between five and fifty adult citizen members to register, while
    "religious organisations" must have at least fifty. In theory at
    least, this removes the obstacle to registering non-Sunni Muslim and
    non-Orthodox communities.

    Religious groups - especially those that have suffered years of
    persecution - were divided over the apparent liberalisation. Many
    were sceptical that a government that had persecuted them for so long could
    have had a genuine change of heart. But others were determined to at least
    try to register. Among groups which immediately sought information about
    the registration process from the Adalat Ministry or the government's
    Gengeshi (Council) for Religious Affairs were a number of Christian
    communities - including the Catholics, New Apostolic Church, Greater Grace,
    Church of Christ and Adventists - and the Baha'i community. The Russian
    Orthodox Church also signalled to Forum 18 that it might wish to register
    more parishes. However, many religious leaders stressed that until their
    communities have registered successfully they will not be convinced that
    anything has changed. One Jehovah's Witness representative in Russia
    - who maintains close contacts with fellow believers in Turkmenistan
    - told Forum 18 that they believe there is "no realistic
    chance" that their communities will get registration.

    Serious questions were raised about the sincerity of the government's moves
    when, on 29 March, President Niyazov told officials of the Gengeshi -
    which runs the Muslim community for the government - that he was
    handing over three new mosques to it and that no further mosques would be
    allowed. This appears to bar both Sunni and Shia Muslim communities that
    have been denied registration from taking advantage of the relaxation of
    the harsh registration requirements.

    Even on the day the president issued his decree a Jehovah's Witness in the
    capital Ashgabad [Ashgabat] was summoned to the Gengeshi, where seven
    officials - including a mullah - pressured him to renounce his
    faith. He refused and was eventually allowed to leave, but he was sacked
    from his job, leaving his family with no breadwinner. Two days later more
    than twenty Jehovah's Witnesses attending a meeting in a private home in
    Ashgabad were taken to the police station and interrogated and threatened
    by police and secret police officers. In other March incidents, police
    confiscated a Bible and other religious literature from a Jehovah's Witness
    (who was also threatened with rape), and extracted money for a fine from
    another Witness which he claimed to have already paid last year. On 24
    March secret police officers raided the home in the town of Balkanabad
    [Nebitdag] of a Baha'i, accusing him of "provoking schism" in
    society by his faith and threatening to confiscate his home. Believers are
    disturbed that these incidents have taken place when, officially, religious
    policy is claimed to be being relaxed after a long period of persecution.

    In the past few years, religious meetings have been raided (with a spate of
    raids against Protestant and Hare Krishna communities during summer 2003
    and intermittently since then), places used for worship have been
    confiscated or demolished and believers have been beaten, fined, detained,
    deported and sacked from their jobs in punishment for religious activity
    the government does not like. Some believers have been given long prison
    sentences in recent years for their religious activity (most of them
    Jehovah's Witnesses) or have been sent into internal exile to remote parts
    of the country.

    Jehovah's Witness sources have told Forum 18 that at least five of their
    young men are serving imprisonment for refusing compulsory military service
    on grounds of religious conscience (Turkmenistan has no provision for
    alternative service). The most recent known prisoner is Jehovah's Witness
    Rinat Babadjanov, sentenced in February in Dashoguz to several years'
    imprisonment. Another Witness, Kurban Zakirov, is serving an eight-year
    sentence on charges the Jehovah's Witnesses say are trumped up.

    Turkmenistan's restrictions on religious activity come despite
    constitutional guarantees of freedom of religion (repeated in the March
    presidential decree) and its obligations to maintain such freedom of
    religion as a member of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in
    Europe (OSCE) and a signatory to international human rights conventions.
    Turkmenistan has pointedly failed to respond to repeated requests from the
    UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion and Belief, Professor
    Abdelfattah Amor, to be allowed to visit the country or to respond to
    enquiries about specific incidents.

    With an authoritarian ruler, President-for-life Niyazov (who likes to call
    himself "Turkmenbashi" or Father of the Turkmens), Turkmenistan
    already suffers from an absence of political and social freedom. State
    control was tightened even more in the wake of a failed assassination
    attempt on the president in November 2002, which some observers believe may
    have been staged to provide a pretext for repression. Niyazov's rule is
    characterised by a grotesque cult of personality, with ever-present statues
    and portraits. Works he allegedly wrote - especially the Ruhnama
    (Book of the Soul), which officials have likened to the Koran or the Bible
    - are compulsorily imposed on schools and the wider public. Russian
    Orthodox priests and Sunni Muslim imams are forced to quite approvingly
    from the Ruhnama in sermons, and to display it prominently in places of
    worship.

    Turkmenistan's deliberate isolation from the outside world and the punitive
    measures taken against those engaged in unauthorised religious activity
    make religious freedom reporting very difficult. Believers often fear
    retribution for reporting their difficulties, and so Forum 18 is unable to
    give the names or identifying features of sources within the country.

    Religious activity is overseen by the secret police's department for work
    with social organisations and religious groups. This department, formerly
    the sixth department of the National Security Committee (KNB), is one of
    the six or seven main departments of the State Security Ministry (MSS) and
    was created when the KNB was restructured in late 2002. The social and
    religious affairs department of the secret police is believed to have 45
    officers at the headquarters in Ashgabad, with a handful of officers in
    each local branch.

    Local MSS secret police officers regularly summon Muslim and Orthodox
    clerics to report on activity within their communities. Some believers have
    told Forum 18 that the MSS also runs "spies" in each Muslim and
    Orthodox community, sometimes as many as half a dozen. In addition to their
    spies - who attend the religious community solely at MSS behest to
    gain information - there might be another ten or fifteen believers
    who are regularly interviewed by MSS officers and forced to reveal details
    of the community's religious life.

    The MSS secret police and the ordinary police also try to recruit spies in
    unregistered religious groups, such as with the attempted recruitment of a
    member of a Baptist church they had detained in June 2003 in Turkmenabad.

    The Gengeshi for Religious Affairs - which is headed by an imam,
    Yagshimurat Atamuradov - has nominal responsibility for religious
    affairs, and has a headquarters in Ashgabad and branch offices in each of
    Turkmenistan's five velayats (regions). The Gengeshi's main job appears to
    be approving clerical appointments in the Sunni Muslim and Orthodox
    communities. "Imams are chosen by the Gengeshi and are then approved
    by the president," one source told Forum 18. Niyazov confirmed this in
    March 2004, when he instructed Gengeshi officials to make sure they
    appointed all imams, warning them not to allow local believers to do so.

    The Adalat Ministry officially registers religious organisations, although
    until now it has had little work to do on this as so few applications have
    been approved anyway. Shirin Akhmedova, the official at the ministry in
    charge of registering religious organisations, told Forum 18 in March that
    152 religious communities currently have registration, 140 of them Muslim
    and 12 Russian Orthodox. She admitted that far more religious communities
    had registration before 1997, when the harsh restrictions on registration
    came in (there were some 250 registered Muslim communities alone, as well
    as communities of many other faiths).

    Unregistered religious communities face regular raids by MSS secret police
    officers, backed up by ordinary police officers, officials of the local
    administration and local religious affairs officials, who work closely
    together in suppressing and punishing as criminal all unregistered
    religious activity.

    Even the two officially-recognised faiths - the Sunni Muslim Board
    and the Russian Orthodox Church - face government meddling and
    require government approval for the nomination of all officials. In January
    2003 President Niyazov ousted the Chief Mufti, Nasrullah ibn Ibadullah, an
    ethnic Uzbek who had led Turkmenistan's Muslims for the previous ten years,
    and replaced him with the 35-year-old Kakageldy Vepaev, someone widely
    believed to be more pliant.

    In the wake of his dismissal, Nasrullah ibn Ibadullah apparently lived
    quietly in his home town of Dashoguz until mid-January of this year, when
    he was arrested, apparently accused of being an accomplice in the apparent
    November 2002 assassination attempt. An MSS-compiled "confession"
    allegedly written in prison by the chief plotter, Boris Shikhmuradov,
    alleged that the former chief mufti had been a key associate with the code
    name "Rasputin". Nasrullah ibn Ibadullah was sentenced to 22
    years' imprisonment at a closed trial in Ashgabad on 2 March. It remains
    unclear whether he was punished for his lack of enthusiasm for the
    president's book the Ruhnama, for taking part in the plot, or as a
    prominent member of the Uzbek minority.

    Vepaev has taken over Nasrullah's role in enforcing the president's
    religious policy. His dual role - as a Muslim leader and a state
    official (he is also one of the deputy chairmen of the Gengeshi for
    Religious Affairs) - became all too apparent during the crackdown on
    Protestant and Hare Krishna communities in spring 2003: he personally took
    part in raids on Protestant churches in Ashgabad and in follow-up meetings
    at hyakimliks (local administrations) when church members were questioned
    and threatened. In a similar move, local mullahs have frequently been
    involved in raids on local religious minorities elsewhere in the country,
    threatening them and calling them to renounce their faith and, if they are
    ethnic Turkmens, to "return" to their ancestral faith.

    Sunni Muslim mosques are reported to have seen attendance slump as, in
    response to government orders, imams placed copies of the Ruhnama in
    mosques with equal prominence as copies of the Koran. At least one mosque
    has been closed down after its imam refused to put the Ruhnama in a place
    of honour. The grand mosques constructed on the president's orders -
    and with state funds - are likewise reported to be largely empty, as
    Muslims decline to regard them as places of worship. Imams are, at least in
    theory, required to recite the oath of loyalty to the president and country
    at the end of the namaz (daily prayers). President Niyazov told Muslims in
    2000 that they were to renounce the hadiths, sayings attributed to the
    Prophet Muhammad which do not appear in the Koran but are valued by devout
    Muslims.

    Devout Muslims have expressed concern about the government-sponsored
    ousting of imams who have theological education in favour of those who have
    never been formally educated in Islam. In the past, imams were educated in
    neighbouring Uzbekistan, but that appears to have come to a halt. Even in
    areas dominated by Turkmenistan's ethnic Uzbek minority, such as in the
    Dashoguz [Dashhowuz] region of north-eastern Turkmenistan, the authorities
    have ousted ethnic Uzbek imams and replaced them with ethnic Turkmens.

    One source told Forum 18 that the decline in the level of education among
    practising imams has led to a growth in respect for the artsakal, a
    traditional religious leader. "They have preserved their authority and
    people go to them for weddings and funerals," the source reported.
    "The authorities don't attack them."

    Government tolerance of Sunni Islam has not extended to Shia Islam, which
    is mainly professed by the ethnic Azeri and Iranian minorities in the west
    of the country who are traditionally more devout than ethnic Turkmens. Shia
    mosques failed to gain re-registration during the compulsory round of
    re-registration in 1997 after the adoption of the much harsher law on
    religion and, judging by the president's remarks in March, appear unable to
    apply for registration now. An unregistered Shia mosque in the Caspian port
    city of Turkmenbashi [Türkmenbashy] was raided last December as local
    Shias commemorated the death of the former Azerbaijani president Heidar
    Aliev.

    The president's dislike of Shia Islam has also extended into history. Among
    the accusations levelled at the 78-year-old writer Rahim Esenov was that he
    had correctly portrayed Bayram Khan, a sixteenth-century regent of the
    Mughal Empire and the hero of one of his novels, as a Shia rather than a
    Sunni Muslim. Niyazov had warned Esenov in 1997 to amend his text, but the
    writer had refused to comply. Detained earlier this year, national security
    officers repeatedly asked him about why Bayram Khan was depicted as a Shia.
    Freed from prison in March under international pressure, Esenov awaits
    trial accused of inciting social, religious and ethnic hatred under Article
    177 of the criminal code

    The Russian Orthodox Church, which is nominally under the control of the
    Church's Central Asian diocese led from the Uzbek capital Tashkent by
    Metropolitan Vladimir (Ikim), is in fact under the direct control of the
    Ashgabad-based priest Fr Andrei Sapunov, widely regarded with suspicion by
    members of the Orthodox Church and other Christian faiths who have suffered
    from his actions.

    In an echo of the practice in Sunni Muslim mosques, Orthodox priests
    reportedly received instructions from the end of 2000 to quote from the
    Ruhnama in sermons and to "preach to us about the virtues of living in
    Turkmenistan and of the policies of Turkmenbashi," one parishioner
    complained.

    Close to President Niyazov, Fr Sapunov frequently deploys the extravagant
    personal praise of the president required of all officials. Many Orthodox
    regard such statements as close to blasphemy. Some Orthodox have told Forum
    18 that they have evidence he passes information received in the
    confessional to the secret police.

    In addition to his duties in the Church, Fr Sapunov is also one of the
    deputy chairmen of the Gengeshi for Religious Affairs, with particular
    responsibility for Christian affairs. This gives him an official power of
    veto over the affairs of other Christian denominations. He is also
    well-known in the secret police, even to local officers outside Ashgabad.
    During numerous raids on Protestant churches in different regions, secret
    police officers have told the Protestants that they must gain permission
    from Fr Sapunov before they can operate.

    The 1996 religion law specified that an individual religious community
    needed 500 signatures of adult citizen members before it could apply for
    registration. Officials repeatedly declared (although it was not specified
    in the law) that these 500 had to live in one city district or one rural
    district. This made it all but impossible for any new religious community
    to register, even if the government wished to allow it to. Most religious
    communities - including many mosques - lost their registration
    and had to close down in the wake of the new law. Most Islamic schools were
    also closed. It is so far unclear if the Adalat Ministry will register all
    those communities that now wish to register under the new religion law.

    Article 205 of the Code of Administrative Offences, which dates back to the
    Soviet period, specifies fines for those refusing to register their
    religious communities of five to ten times the minimum monthly wage, with
    typical fines of 250,000 manats (363 Norwegian kroner, 44 Euros or 48 US
    dollars at the inflated official exchange rate). Fines can be doubled for
    repeat offenders. Many believers of a variety of faiths have been fined
    under this article, including a series of Baptists and Hare Krishna
    devotees last year after the series of raids on unregistered religious
    meetings.

    There is a Catholic mission in Turkmenistan, based at the Vatican
    nunciature in Ashgabad. However, at present Catholics can only hold Masses
    on this Vatican diplomatic territory. The priests have diplomatic status.

    One of the biggest religious communities that has been denied registration
    is the Armenian Apostolic Church. An estimated fifteen per cent of those
    who attend Russian Orthodox churches are said by local people to be
    Armenians, although the Armenian Church is of the Oriental family of
    Christian Churches, not of the Orthodox family. "Sapunov told parish
    priests to accept Armenian believers," one local Orthodox told Forum
    18. However, the Orthodox Church would stand to lose a sizeable proportion
    of its flock were the government to allow the Armenian Church to revive its
    activity.

    The one surviving pre-revolutionary Armenian church - in the Caspian
    port city of Turkmenbashi - is said to be in a "sorry state of
    repair". The Armenian ambassador to Turkmenistan has repeatedly sought
    permission for it to be restored and reopened as a place of worship but in
    vain. When the Armenian priest last visited from neighbouring Uzbekistan he
    had to conduct baptisms and hold services in the Armenian embassy in
    Ashgabad. Some Armenians expect that the new law will allow the community
    finally to register and regain its church.

    Religious parents - Muslim, Christian and members of other faiths -
    face a dilemma over whether to send their children to state-run schools.
    With the Ruhnama playing a major role in the school curriculum from the
    very first year, together with recitation of the oath of loyalty to the
    country and president, many religious parents do not wish to subject their
    children to blasphemous practices. The oath of loyalty, which is printed at
    the top of daily newspapers, reads: "Turkmenistan, beloved homeland,
    my native land, both in my thoughts and in my heart I am eternally with
    you. For the slightest evil caused to you, let my hand be cut off. For the
    slightest calumny against you, may my tongue lose its strength. In the
    moment of treachery to the fatherland, to the president, to your holy
    banner, let my breathing cease."

    After the adoption in July 2002 of the law on guarantees of the rights of
    the child, the unregistered Baptist Church complained bitterly about
    Article 24 part 2 which declared: "Parents or the legal
    representatives of the child are obliged … to bring him up in a spirit of
    humanism and the unshakeable spiritual values embodied in the holy
    Ruhnama." Pointing out that officials are promoting the Ruhnama as
    "the last word of God to the Turkmen people", the Baptists
    declared: "In practice this law is a direct infringement on the
    freedom of conscience of citizens professing faith in Jesus Christ or
    another faith not recognised by the state."

    Orthodox Christians echo the Baptists' concerns, telling Forum 18 that the
    issue has put Russian Orthodox priests in a difficult position.
    "Worried parents have come to their priests," one Orthodox
    Christian reported. "The priest can't tell his parishioners not to
    send their children to school. All he can do is tell them to do as their
    conscience dictates." Some parents have begun to teach their children
    privately at home.

    The obstructions to travel abroad have made it difficult to take part in
    international gatherings. In March border guards took two female Jehovah's
    Witnesses off the aeroplane at Ashgabad airport while on route to a
    Jehovah's Witness meeting in Kiev. They were barred from leaving the
    country.

    Believers who want to receive information from fellow-believers abroad face
    virtually insurmountable obstacles. Access to the Internet is possible only
    via state providers that exert strict control over what information can be
    accessed. The majority of international religious websites are simply not
    accessible by an Internet user in Turkmenistan. Moreover, a special
    computer program searches emails for coded words that could be used to send
    "unreliable information", while "a suspicious message"
    will simply not reach the addressee.

    Religious literature is no longer published in Turkmenistan. Mosques and
    Russian Orthodox churches often have small kiosks where a limited quantity
    of literature is available. A typical Orthodox church bookstall might have
    a few prayer books, small icons and calendars, with the Bible available
    only erratically - and often, at about 12 US dollars, too expensive
    for the badly-paid local people. Supplies of religious literature and
    articles to Orthodox churches are equally erratic, with no official
    distribution of books, icons, candles and baptismal crosses.

    Orthodox believers trying to receive alternative information are in a more
    difficult situation than Sunni Muslims. Under a September 2002 presidential
    decree, direct subscription to Russian newspapers and magazines, including
    religious publications such as the Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate, is
    banned in Turkmenistan. Even Orthodox priests do not receive the Journal
    regularly, being forced to rely on old copies they pick up when they are
    visiting Moscow or Tashkent.

    Of the Russian television channels, only a few hours a day of the ORT
    channel are broadcast, and then only with a day's delay after programmes
    have been approved by a censor. Currently there are a number of broadcasts
    on Russian television covering Orthodox issues. The broadcast of Russian
    cable programmes is forbidden in Turkmenistan, so that unlike in other
    Central Asian states, local Orthodox believers cannot use this as an
    alternative source of religious news.

    Officials have not simply restricted themselves to banning the receipt of
    political information from the former metropolis. Purely religious
    communications between local Orthodox believers and Russia have inevitably
    also been obstructed. As Turkmenistan has become even more isolated from
    Russia, individual Orthodox believers have become more isolated from the
    Moscow Patriarchate.

    Religious literature is routinely confiscated from members of unregistered
    religious minorities during police raids on their homes or as they return
    to the country from foreign travels.

    With sweeping measures against religious groups in the wake of the harsher
    religion law in 1996, the denial of registration to most religious
    communities in the 1997 re-registration drive, the expulsion of hundreds of
    foreigners, mainly Russians, engaged in religious activity (including
    Muslims, Baptists, Pentecostals, Jehovah's Witnesses and Hare Krishna
    devotees), the confiscation or demolition of unauthorised places of worship
    (including Ashgabad's Adventist church in November 1999), the sacking of
    believers from their work (especially Jehovah's Witnesses and Protestants)
    and a climate of fear only slightly tempered by the promised registration
    of minority faiths, the Turkmen authorities have succeeded in all but
    wiping out public religious activity except in a small number of registered
    Sunni Muslim and Russian Orthodox places of worship.

    All other religious activity has of necessity to be shrouded in secrecy,
    with believers having to hide their faith and worship from the knowledge of
    intrusive state officials. In response to the pressure, all unregistered
    communities have seen the numbers of their active members fall. Yet despite
    the severe controls and the threat of punishment, the remaining believers
    practice their various faiths as best they can while waiting for better
    times.

    The changes to the law this year show that concerted pressure on the
    Turkmenistan authorities from outside has led to a public change of the
    proclaimed policy. However, for religious believers to see real and not
    spurious change, the Adalat Ministry will have to register all religious
    communities that apply for registration without discrimination;
    unregistered religious activity will have to be decriminalised (including
    abolishing articles of the criminal and civil code which punish
    unregistered religious activity); believers in prison for their faith will
    have to be freed; there will have to be an end to police and security
    ministry raids on private homes where believers are meeting for worship;
    there will have to be an end to interrogations of and fines on believers;
    those fined for practising their faith will have to be compensated;
    believers who have been fired from their jobs for their membership of
    minority religious communities will have to be reinstated; those
    responsible for raiding religious meetings and beating and otherwise
    punishing believers for the free exercise of their faith will have to be
    brought to legal accountability; and believers will have to be able to
    enjoy the right to publish and distribute whatever religious literature
    they wish to and organise and take part in religious education freely. Only
    if the authorities meet these obligations will believers in Turkmenistan
    believe that the situation has changed irrevocably for the better.

    A printer-friendly map of Turkmenistan is available at
    http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=turkme
    (END)

    © Forum 18 News Service. All rights reserved.

    You may reproduce or quote this article provided that credit is given to
    F18News http://www.forum18.org/

    Past and current Forum 18 information can be found at
    http://www.forum18.org/

    From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress
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