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  • ASBAREZ Online [04-13-2005]

    ASBAREZ ONLINE
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    04/13/2005
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    1) Armenian FM says Genocide recognition is a security issue for Armenia
    2) Turkey Proposes Joint Study on 'Genocide Claims'
    3) Turkish President Visits Syria Amid US Unease
    4) UCLA Conference on the Eve of 90th Anniversary: 'The Enduring Legacy of the
    Armenian Genocide'

    1) Armenian FM says Genocide recognition is a security issue for Armenia

    YEREVAN (YERKIR)The recognition of the Armenian genocide is a security issue
    for Armenia, Armenian Foreign Minister Vartan Oskanian told a news conference
    on Wednesday.
    "We have a country as our neighbor that not only denies it had attempted to
    destroy a whole nation but also accuses us; we cannot feel completely secure
    with such a neighbor," Oskanian said, adding that Turkey also openly supports
    Azerbaijan in the Mountainous Karabagh conflict.
    At a time when Turkey is attempting to join the European Uniona body whose
    principles are grounded in human rights--Armenia should step up its efforts in
    gaining international recognition of the genocide, Oskanian explained.


    2) Turkey Proposes Joint Study on 'Genocide Claims'

    ANKARA (AFP)--Turkey has formally proposed to Armenia the creation of a joint
    commission to study "allegations of genocide against the Armenians under the
    Ottoman Empire," as a first step towards normalizing relations, Foreign
    Minister Abdullah Gul said in Ankara on Wednesday.
    The proposal was outlined in a recent letter by Turkish Prime Minister Recep
    Tayyip Erdogan to Armenian President Robert Kocharian, Gul told parliament
    during a special session on a damaging Armenian campaign for the
    recognition of
    the World War I massacres as genocide.
    "We informed them that if our proposal is accepted, we are ready to negotiate
    with Armenia on how the commission will be established, how it will work, and
    that such an initiative will serve to normalize relations between the two
    countries."
    "I repeat this appeal once again... Turkey is ready to face its history,
    Turkey has no problem with its history," Gul said. "There should be an open
    discussion on allegations that the Ottoman Empire committed acts of genocide
    against its Armenian citizens during World War One."
    Erdogan also warned that there were some for whom detailed evidence would not
    change their views.
    "Medicine has yet to find a cure for those who do not want to open their eyes
    to history," Erdogan said.
    Turkey has refused to establish diplomatic relations with Armenia since the
    former Soviet republic gained independence in 1991 because of Armenian efforts
    to secure international condemnation of the massacres as genocide.
    In 1993, Turkey shut its border with Armenia in a show of solidarity with its
    close ally Azerbaijan, which was at war with Armenia over the Mountainous
    Karabagh enclave.
    Gul urged the international community to press Armenia to accept Turkey's
    proposal for a joint study.
    Turning to another issue that has dominated the news in Turkey in the past
    week, the Prime Minister criticizes the attempted lynching in Trabzon last
    week
    of five activists distributing leaflets calling for reforms in Turkey's
    prisons.
    People do not have the right to take justice into their own hands, even when
    citing love of one's country as the motive, Erdogan said.
    He stressed that creating internal enemies and citing differences within a
    nation would damage the notion of nation.
    The five people who were attacked in Trabzon and later detained by the police
    for distributing the leaflets were released on Wednesday.


    3) Turkish President Visits Syria Amid US Unease

    DAMASCUS (Reuters)--The leaders of Syria and Turkey tackled Lebanon and
    Iraq on
    Wednesday, during a state visit by President Ahmet Necdet Sezer. The trip has
    created unease for Turkey's top ally, the United States.
    Sezer, whose decision to visit Syria also drew criticism from some Turkish
    political analysts who argue it sends the wrong signal, said after the talks
    that he was happy with Syria's pledge to pull out its troops from Lebanon.
    Turkey, which has seen a big thaw in ties with Syria after years of tension,
    stayed relatively quiet as the United States and the European Union piled
    pressure on Damascus to withdraw.
    "The importance of the continuation of efforts toward preserving Lebanese
    stability and national unity has been emphasized," Sezer said after official
    talks with President Bashar al-Assad.
    Syria agreed to end its 29-year military presence in Lebanon after many
    Lebanese blamed it for the February assassination of a Lebanese former prime
    minister. Syria denies any role.
    The US ambassador in Ankara, Eric Edelman, then publicly urged Turkey to join
    the "international consensus" on Syria, in comments interpreted by the Turkish
    media as a call to Sezer to cancel or postpone his visit to Damascus.
    Sezer has been careful in the run-up to the visit to stress the importance of
    Turkey-US ties--already strained by the Iraq war and its aftermath--and
    Turkish
    media said the president would deliver a strong message to his Syrian hosts.
    Assad has publicly hailed Sezer's decision to go ahead with his trip as
    evidence that NATO member Turkey is ready to stand up to the United States on
    issues of national interest.

    TURKISH SUPPORT

    Syrian Prime Minister Naji al-Otari said Sezer's "insistence on this visit"
    embodied Turkish support for "just causes."
    Turkish nationalists insist Turkey must not be seen to bow to US pressure
    over
    Syria, but some Middle East experts have criticized Sezer's decision to visit
    Damascus.
    "[Sezer's trip] seems nothing but sailing in the open seas without a
    compass,"
    wrote Cengiz Candar in the conservative daily Dunden Bugune Tercuman, arguing
    Turkey lacks a coherent strategy for dealing with the Middle East.
    Assad and Sezer said they were in agreement on the preservation of the
    territorial and national unity of their mutual neighbor Iraq.
    "Views were identical between our two countries on the importance of (Iraq's)
    sovereignty and the preservation of its integrity both in terms of land and
    people," said Assad.
    Assad called for the "widest possible participation in the political process
    under way [in Iraq] in a manner that guarantees the widest possible
    participation."
    Turkey, Syria and Iran share the same concerns about the turmoil in Iraq and
    fear it could lead eventually to the creation of a Kurdish state in the north
    of the country.
    This, they say, would fan separatism among their own Kurdish populations,
    leading to regional instability.
    Assad said Damascus appreciates Turkey's "constructive role in seeking to
    achieve a just and comprehensive [Arab-Israeli]peace."
    Uniquely in the region, Turkey has strong security ties with Israel, Syria's
    arch-foe, but under the Islamist-rooted government of Prime Minister Tayyip
    Erdogan has tried to build better ties with Arab countries and with Iran.


    4) UCLA Conference on the Eve of 90th Anniversary: 'The Enduring Legacy of the
    Armenian Genocide'

    By Vartan Matiossian

    The conference sponsored by the Armenian Educational Foundation Chair in
    Modern Armenian History at the University of California, Los Angeles
    (UCLA), on
    April 1-3 became an insightful prologue into the commemoration of the 90th
    anniversary of the Armenian genocide.
    Organized by UCLA AEF Chair in Modern Armenian History Professor Richard
    Hovannisian, it served as an interlude to the ongoing series of UCLA
    conferences devoted to Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces; fifteen been
    held since 1997. This conference was cosponsored by the UCLA Von Grunebaum
    Center for Near Eastern Studies, the Center for European and Eurasian Studies,
    and the International Institute.
    Appropriately titled "After Nine Decades: The Enduring Legacy of the Armenian
    Genocide," this was the fourth conference organized by Professor
    Hovannisian on
    the Genocide, during his tenure at UCLA.
    In his opening remarks, Hovannisian stressed that the focus is "no longer to
    describe, rather to understand" what happened nine decades ago. Hovannisian
    brought together a broad array of subjects and scholars, with a very important
    inclusion of fresh, young names. The popular response, with an average of more
    than 300 people during sessions.


    Opening Session

    Twenty six scholars from Argentina, Armenia, France, Lebanon, Syria, and the
    United States partook in the program that began on Friday, April 1 with an
    evening session in Armenian held at AGBU Manoogian Center in Pasadena. After
    introductory remarks by Dr. Hovannisian and a brief memorial service by
    Archbishop Moushegh Mardirossian and the Very Reverend Dajad Yardoumian, the
    great granddaughters of Ambassador Henry Morgenthau--Pamela Steiner and Lucy
    Tuchman Eisenberg were introduced, along with Consul General Gagik
    Kirakossian.
    Delivered by Nora Arissian (University of Damascus, Syria), the first paper
    addressed a little-known subject--the repercussion of the Armenian genocide in
    the Syrian press of the time, both inside and outside Syria. Hundred of
    articles were written on the massacres, which were first termed "killing of a
    nation" in 1916 to warn the Arab public about the danger posed by pan-Turkism.
    Marc Nichanian, currently teaching at Wesleyan University in Connecticut,
    made
    an engaging presentation on "Art and Testimony," analyzing cases and causes of
    failure to turn testimony into art. He insisted on the need to liberate
    testimonies from their documentary state, so as not to stifle effectiveness
    and
    usage.
    Raffi K. Hovannisian (Armenian Center for National and International Studies,
    Yerevan), made the final presentation of the evening. His speech posed the
    immediate and deep question of whether there would there ever be a
    post-Genocide era. While providing no definite answer, the speaker considered
    an opportunity perhaps linked with the Turkey's desire to integrate into
    Europe, and a more focused Armenian approach to the issue.


    Rethinking the Genocide

    The Saturday sessions convened on the UCLA campus. In his introductory
    remarks
    Dr. Hovannisian, underscored the importance of questions such as "Why are we
    here after nine decades?"; "how long will we commemorate?"; and "why
    commemorate?" as new generations succeed. He emphasized the importance of
    integrating the Genocide into the collective human memory, which is the
    current
    challenge scholars face, as well as political and human rights activists.
    The first morning session, "Rethinking Aspects of the Armenian Genocide," did
    justice to its title. Henry Theriault (Worcester State College) pointed out
    that Armenian integration into Ottoman society, especially after the 1908
    Young
    Turk coup d'etat and the restoration of the Constitution, was unacceptable to
    Turkish ultra-nationalism, which had already demonstrated during the 1894-1896
    massacres how "to put Armenians back into their place." The levels of violence
    and dehumanization in 1915 was a response to the "humanization" that Armenians
    had achieved in the past decades. Viewing the Armenians as human, actually
    gave
    more purpose and pleasure to the killers.
    Suzanne Moranian (Armenian International Women's Association, Boston)
    discussed American foreign policy and its reaction to the Armenian genocide.
    She persuasively argued that the Genocide became a blueprint for US policy
    that
    still continues. American self-interest in trying to help Armenians was the
    same reason that made America abandon those same Armenians and turn toward
    Turkey, especially after the treaty of Lausanne in 1923.
    Michael Papazian (Berry College, Georgia) spoke on "Genocide and the
    Philosophy of History," broaching a subject scarcely touched on in the
    Armenian
    case, but widely examined in Holocaust studies. In a comparative approach, he
    used the main points raised in philosophical inquiries about the Holocaust. In
    his view, the lack of attempts to make sense of the Genocide is dangerous. The
    danger of fixation on the past is especially worth noting, since the
    catastrophe of 1915 distorted Armenian identity, replacing the idea of
    redemption for one of suffering, a concept that Armenian theologians have yet
    to recognize.


    The Genocide in Comparative Perspective

    The second morning session was devoted to comparative perspectives. Katia
    Peltekian (American University of Beirut) presented her findings about the
    English-speaking media in different countries, and their coverage of the
    Genocide. Ways and modes of coverage varied significantly from England to
    Canada and to the United States. She used charts, graphs, and articles to
    demonstrate her theses.
    Anahit Khosroyeva (Institute of History, Yerevan) spoke in Armenian about the
    persecutions of the Assyrians from the latter part of the nineteenth century
    until well into the twentieth century. She gave informative insights into this
    little-known history, even for Armenians--maintaining that the annihilation of
    Assyrians by the Ottoman Turkish government paralleled that of the Armenians,
    and left a quarter of a million victims by the end of World War I.
    Speros Vryonis, Jr. (UCLA and NYU, Emeritus) told of a lesser-known
    episode of
    the Greek calamity in Asia Minor after World War I. The defeat of Greece at
    the
    hands of Kemalist Turkey gave rise to labor camps of Greek military and
    civilian prisoners who were kept in inhuman conditions. One of them was the
    18-year-old Ilias Benizis, who spent 14 months in 1922-1924 at forced labor
    and
    later wrote of his harsh experiences in a volume published in 1931.
    Tigran Matossian (Museum-Institute of the Armenian Genocide, Yerevan)
    compared
    the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust, revealing the many
    similarities--preconditions, perpetrators, and victims--which go far beyond
    the
    obvious differences.
    During lunch hour, architect Sarkis Balmanoukian (Los Angeles) gave an
    illustrated talk on the memorial complex at Der-Zor (Deir-ez-Zor, Syria),
    which
    he designed. He also showed the changes that were made in his original plans
    and how the complex looks in its final form.


    Education and Art

    During the first session on Sunday afternoon, Nicole Vartanian (Fulbright
    scholar, Washington, DC) addressed the complex issues stemming from the 2001
    "No Child Left Behind Act," which sanctioned the need for stronger
    accountability in educational progress through annual progress reports (tests)
    through the end of middle school. Because emphasis on math and reading leaves
    less space for other subjects, particularly social studies, attempts to expand
    the Act to affect high school, are under way. This makes all the more
    important
    the need to increase efforts to ensure that the study of genocide, including
    the Armenian genocide (mandatory in 6 states), remains in curriculums.
    Sara Cohen (Washington, DC) spoke about teaching the Armenian Genocide to a
    non-Armenian audience. She stressed the importance of allocating resources for
    education, and teacher training, to make the subject a part of a
    multidisciplinary approach, not confined to social studies.
    Adam Strom (Facing History and Ourselves, Brookline) talked about the
    importance of teaching the Armenian genocide as a means to avoid impunity and
    to promote responsibility. As a principal author of the Facing History
    resource
    book on the Armenian genocide, he discussed ways in which the Armenian
    experience can be used to teach tolerance and provide lessons relating to
    prevention.
    Hagop Gulludjian (formerly from Argentina, now teaching in UCLA) in a novel
    approach, provided a quantitative and qualitative analysis of resources
    available on the internet on the Armenian genocide. His presentation displayed
    that the Armenian genocide was a distant second to the Holocaust on the
    internet, but clearly ranked ahead of other instances of mass killing in the
    twentieth century. A spirited question and answer period followed the session
    on education.


    Artistic Responses to Genocide

    The final Saturday session was devoted to artistic responses individuals have
    had to the genocide. Two Ph.D. candidates from UCLA, Jean Murachanian and
    Ramela Grigorian Abbamontian, presented a talk about responses through the
    visual arts. Murachanian analyzed the work of a French-Armenian painter, Leon
    Tutundjian (1905-1977), and the impact of the Catastrophe on his identity as
    reflected in hundreds of his paintings from both the abstract and surrealist
    periods. Abbamontian, on the other hand, dealt with several contemporary
    artists from Los Angeles (Sophie Gasparian, Ara Oshagan, Zareh, Alina
    Mnatsakanian, and Levon Parian), showing a wide spectrum of dynamic, sometimes
    rather shocking, responses to the past and present.
    Hrag Varjabedian, a doctoral candidate from the University of
    Madison-Wisconsin, studied the works of two filmmakers, Atom Egoyan and Tina
    Bastajian, and two writers, Peter Najarian and Micheline Aharonian-Marcom.
    Jack Der Sarkissian (Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, Los Angeles) presented
    different aspects of the Armenian response to the genocide through music
    produced during the last thirty years. Playing audio excerpts, he began with
    Charles Aznavour's famous "Ils sont tombés" (1975) and continued with Alan
    Hovannes's "Mystery of the Holy Martyrs" symphony, jazz composer Gregg
    Bendian's "After Chomaklou Was a Desert," concluding with System of a Down's
    "P.L.U.C.K."
    During the evening, the conference participants were the dinner guests of the
    Armenian Educational Foundation in Glendale.


    History and Memory

    The conference continued during the afternoon of Sunday, April 2, with two
    sessions. The first, titled "History and Memory," was opened by Barlow Der
    Mugrdechian (California State University, Fresno) with a paper devoted to
    three
    narrative works by Armenian-American writers: Michael Arlen's "Passage to
    Ararat," Michael Krekorian's "Avedis," and David Kherdian's "Ask the River."
    Despite their different approaches, all three of the works demonstrate that
    the
    authors aimed at gaining a better understanding of themselves.
    Marc Mamigonian (NAASR, Boston) spoke on the little-known presence of
    Armenian
    references in James Joyce's novel, Finnegan's Wake. Within the book, Joyce
    refers to the genocide, and discusses symbols associated with the Armenian
    culture.
    Rubina Peroomian (UCLA) gave an overview of reactions to the Armenian
    genocide
    in the literature of Soviet and post-Soviet Armenia. The Stalinist period
    impacted the link between history and memory, but a gradual rediscovery took
    place in the post-Stalinist period. Attempts at filling the voids in
    historical
    memory have continued into the period of renewed Armenian independence.
    Philippe Videlier (CNRS, Lyons) ended the session with an informative paper
    about the response of French society to the Armenian genocide during the last
    century. He spoke of post-genocide Armenian immigration to France and the role
    of historical memory. He also pointed out that the Genocide was known to a
    large majority of the French citizenry. The subject's obvious resonance with
    current affairs, namely France's recognition of the Genocide and the question
    of Turkey candidacy in the European Union, gave way to a lively period of
    discussion.


    Prospects for Dialogue and Reconciliation

    Elazar Barkan (Claremont Graduate University) stressed that the political
    shift resulting from the end of the Cold War, and the growing emphasis on
    human
    rights, currently facilitates the recognition of past events as an important
    component of shaping current identity. The presenter spoke of the need to
    create a body, similar to South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission,
    which will focus on the history of the genocide. Barkan stated that he
    believes
    the body's analysis will only affirm the historical validity of the genocide,
    but incited some members of the audience by noting that such the judgment
    rendered by such a body should not be linked to any preconditions.
    Bedross Der Matossian (PhD candidate, Columbia University) presented a
    comparative study of Turkish liberal historiographyhistorical assessments
    which
    challenge the "official," "state narrative" of the genocide. He discussed the
    works of Taner Akcam, Fatma Müge Goçek, Fikret Adanir, Halil Berktay, and
    other
    Turkish scholars.
    Addressing subjects that are at the center of the historical controversy in
    Turkey, Fatma Müge Goçek (University of Michigan-Ann Arbor), said, "We have to
    educate Turkish society. I certainly do hope that Turks will come to the
    recognition of their past. But they have to be educated, to have that
    knowledge
    be accessible to them. The only thing they have now is state propaganda."
    Simon Payaslian (Clark University), in his talk on Anatomy of Post-Genocide
    Reconciliation, criticized various attempts at applying reconciliation models
    used in other parts of the world, (e.g. Peru and South Africa) and focused on
    the work of the now-defunct Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation Commission, which,
    Payaslian said, was flawed due to its lack of transparency and legitimacy. Any
    future attempts at reconciliation both sides, Payaslian noted, should be based
    around international human rights law.
    After a lively discussion, Professor Hovannisian summarized the proceedings
    and made the closing remarks. The conference was enhanced by an exhibition of
    photographs of Armenian genocide memorial monuments worldwide, taken by Hrair
    "Hawk" Khatcherian of Quebec and mounted by Richard and Anne Elizabeth
    Elbrecht.


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