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  • Basic principles of the permanent constitution of the new Iraq

    noticias.info (press release), Spain
    Feb 27 2005

    IRAQ : Basic principles of the permanent constitution of the new Iraq



    /noticias.info/

    Fuente: Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG)
    http://www.krg.org/


    A Speech to be delivered by Dr. Munther Al-Fadhal in the conference
    of Federalism and the Future of Democracy in Iraq that will be held
    in April 2005, Poznan University - Poland

    In 1925, the first constitution of the State of Iraq was issued under
    the name of Basic Law. This was brought about by constitutional
    institutions built by all Iraqi ethnicities, religion followers and
    communities; with clear transparency. That was the first permanent
    constitution of the state of new Iraq that has not witnessed any
    other permanent constitutions so far. Since the monarchy rule was
    toppled down on July 14, 1958, many constitutions have appeared and
    lots of modifications in them have indicated political turmoil,
    instability and the lack of institutional work in Iraq; constitutions
    in which the law of force dominated the force of law.

    The Basic Law went under lengthy discussions before being issued. It
    included numerous texts that organized the relationship among the
    three powers: the judiciary, the executive and legislative powers.
    Mr. Abdal Muhsin al-Sa'dun became the first Iraqi Prime Minister who
    dreamt of founding a state of law. His vision about the rights of the
    Kurdish People and respecting the rights of the other nationalities
    was clear. The Iraqi State took a simple form and the rule was
    central in the Iraqi capital city Baghdad. The monarchy system
    continued from 1921 to July 1958 witnessing much turbulence and so
    many political crises including the Kurdish Revolution led by the
    Sheikhs of Barzan such as, the revolution of Sheikh Abdussalam
    Barzani and that of Sheikh Ahmed Barzani in the beginning of the
    thirties. Those were followed by the leader Mustafa Barzani's
    revolution in September of 1961, which was a continuance of the
    revolution led by Sheikh Mahmud al-Hafeed after World War I. Many
    attempts that have been made to build democracy through resolving the
    Kurdish Question justly and peacefully have failed and, thus,
    influenced all life aspects and conditions of Iraq.

    The conditions in Iraq have not stabilized since July 14, 1958. Many
    interim constitutions have been passed; their contents and laws being
    disrespected. The independence of the Judiciary power was also
    disrespected and the ruler was above the law. There is no doubt that
    such deterioration, the absence of law, the violation of human
    rights, and the phenomenon of monocracy that had brought disasters to
    the Iraqis commenced with the coming of the Ba'thist Rule to power in
    1968. It became even worse and more dangerous when Saddam seized
    power in 1979 who over extolled national integrity and led Iraq to a
    civil war against the Kurdish people. He acted treacherously towards
    the eastern and western neighbours. He destroyed the country due to
    his dictatorial rule, crippled the constitution and dismissed the
    law. The consequences of the internal and external wars on the Iraqis
    can be felt up to the present and their impacts will continue for a
    long time.

    For the sake of a pluralistic and democratic Iraq that enjoys
    stability and peace based on the principle of freely chosen
    federation, which respects the Basic Law, operative laws, human
    rights, and the international commitments. An Iraq which is free from
    discrimination due to sex, colour, ethnicity, nationality, religion,
    and thought. An Iraq in which women play a role that corresponds with
    the human values in life. For the sake of a neutral Iraq away from
    the wars. An Iraq in which constitutional institutions, civil
    society, and the integrity of law, are established. This is to be
    away from the idol-worship and the military and totalitarian rules
    that are totally at odds with the principles of democratic rule. For
    the sake of an Iraq in which all the nationalities enjoy freedom,
    stability, and security; in which every party recognizes the others'
    rights, respects the peoples' rights of self-determination and
    consolidates principles of peaceful succession; there should exist a
    permanent constitution for the country. This is to be equivalent to
    the Basic Law or as the Supreme Law of the Iraqi Federal State to
    which all should yield, the ruler and the ruled. This is because the
    basic fundamentals of the state of law are to have a permanent
    constitution, to work for the separation of powers; to consolidate
    the integrity of law; to respect the progression of legal rules; to
    protect the rights of the people and to work for the independence of
    the tribunal system.

    To activate the role of women in life as they constitute half of the
    society and to make them equal to men in their rights, which maintain
    and confirm their human identity and repeal all forms of
    discrimination against them. In order to spread the culture of human
    rights and the right of opposition, to build up the principles of
    tolerance and moderation; to cast away prejudice and partiality, to
    fight terrorist actions wherever they come from; and to build a
    civilized state that plays its role in the regional and international
    scenes; the basic principles of the permanent constitution of the New
    Iraq should be formulated. What are these principles? To investigate
    this the subject should be divided as follows:

    First: Legal Observations on the Law of State Administration .

    Second: General Principles and Basic Rights of the Permanent
    Constitution of the New Iraq.

    First: Legal Observations on the Law of State Administration

    After the liberation of Iraq on April 9, 2003 from the most repulsive
    and fascist regime since the downfall of Nazism in 1945, the
    Governing Council that had been established after the liberation to
    run Iraq for a transitional period drafted the Iraqi Law of State
    Administration on March 8, 2004, which was formed after the
    liberation to administer the Iraqi State for the transitional period
    that had o precede the constitutional institutions. The Law of State
    Administration included the basic rules and principles of the
    permanent constitution of the New Iraq. To grasp the rules that will
    determine the identity and future of Iraq after dictatorship (The
    Arabic Nazism), some observations should be stated about the
    aforementioned Law so as to be acquainted with the basics of the
    Permanent Constitution of the New Iraq.

    After real diligence the Interim Constitution appeared. That was on a
    famous international day, the Women's Day, on March 8, 2003. It was
    an occasion that brought to mind what was agreed on Saddam and the
    Shah of Iran on March 6, 1975 according to which Saddam gave up half
    of Shat al-Arab in return for Shah's pledges to stop the Iranian
    logistic support to the Kurdish liberation movement in Iraqi
    Kurdistan. The event also brought to mind the courageous Kurdish
    uprising as well as that of the people of the south against the
    Tyrant and his regime. In 1991 which eventuated in the death of
    hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians in the country. The
    defeated regime bombed the uprising cities with missiles and buried
    thousands of innocent civilians in mass graves. The occasion also
    reminded us of many other significant events on the level of Iraq as
    well as on the international level.

    Various conflicting reactions were noticed after the issuance of the
    Law. Some supported it, others rejected, and some were in-between.
    Therefore; we will not touch on to the regional and international
    impressions regarding the Law as this is purely an Iraqi internal
    affair. We also do not mean to touch on some of the political
    reactions by some religious authoritative references that take a
    biased and chauvinistic standpoint like most of the Arabs and some of
    our brothers from other ethnicities. This is because what appeal to
    us are the legal aspects and the organization and management of the
    Iraqi State and its institutions until the issuance of the Permanent
    Constitution of the Iraqi Federal State. It seems that one of the
    legal issues that are raised is the question always asked: can a
    council, which is not elected, be incumbent upon an elected one? Does
    the Governing Council have the legitimate right to pass such a law?
    And what is the difference between the law and the constitution. To
    attempt such questions it should be stated that the venerable
    Governing Council is a legitimate council even if it does not
    represent all the Iraqi community. According to the Geneva Convention
    of 1949, the occupying authority should administer the occupied
    country and protect its civilians. One of the duties of that
    authority is to form an administration from the Iraqis to run the
    state affairs. Besides, the parties in the Governing Council
    constitute the majority of the political parties and the influential
    political movements Iraq's had so far. Hence they constitute the
    majority of the Iraqis such as, Kurdistan Democratic Party, Patriotic
    Union of Kurdistan, the Iraqi Communist Party, the Da'wa Party, the
    Supreme Islamic Council, the Iraqi National Conference, and the Iraqi
    Islamic Union. This is in addition to some Iraqi personalities who
    have struggled against dictatorship and are locally famous and
    well-reputed.

    Thus, in spite of all the trouble and opposition from the inside and
    outside of Iraq, the Council gains legitimacy to exist and to take
    power in co-operation with the Coalition Authority or the Occupation
    Authority. What further asserts the legitimacy of the Council are the
    resolution passed by the United Nations that organized the
    relationship between the Council and the Coalition Authority and
    recognized the former as legitimate. These resolutions include, the
    1483 UN resolution on May 22, 2003, the 1511 resolution on October
    16, 2003 which was concerned with the preparation for the
    transference of integrity to the Iraqis, and finally the 1546
    resolution on June 2004 regarding the transference of integrity. It
    is therefore inferred that though the Governing Council was not
    elected due to legal and incidental circumstances, it is legitimate
    and it can pass laws and judgments like an elected council after the
    approval of the Civil Ruler of Iraq; the latter being in support of
    the Geneva Convention. Geneva Convention states that the Ruler can
    pass laws and resolutions, and after he approves of the Interim
    Constitution, it will acquire legitimacy under obligation according
    to the international legal prerogatives of the mentioned Civil Ruler.
    Besides, this law is an equivalent to an interim constitution of the
    country for it is called the Supreme Law of the Country. Restrictions
    are laid on any modifications or changes that might be done to its
    items and provisions in a way that are in correspondence with its
    importance and constitutional characteristic; as usually
    constitutions are known for their flexibility and inflexibility to
    change. In addition to all that, the coalition intervention in Iraq
    to topple the regime down was legitimate according to the Security
    Council resolutions to protect security in the world and to the
    respect of human rights which is not an internal affair.

    However, there are some observations about the Law. Some of these are
    related to aspect of form and techniques of legislation that the Law
    lacks. Others are objective and are related to the essence of the Law
    and its items, whether stated or not, which should be redressed. We
    hope to explicate some of these observations and the intention is to
    be constructive and not to deconstruct, to show opinions and not to
    impose them. This is for the sake of general interest and protection
    of the rights of the Iraqis and in support of building the state of
    law and constitutional institutions. The major points can be seen as
    follows:

    When the provisions of the law are reviewed, the reader who
    specialized notices a clear weakness in the legal formula. It was
    written by politicians and jurists who seem not to be well versed
    about the formulation of such laws. There should be a clear-cut
    relation between the wording and the content. They are usually clear
    and transparent quoted expressions free from repetition and
    wordiness. It would have been rather preferable to show the Law to a
    number of jurists in the State Consultative Council at the Ministry
    of Justice in cooperation with some other jurists and specialized
    academicians in Kurdistan in order to set a sound legal formula.

    This is in addition to many typing mistakes. And it seems that some
    of the participants are not well versed in Arabic and thus have
    translated the provisions from English, which has brought about a
    poor style. Therefore; it is hoped that the Permanent Constitutions
    might be written in partnership with some Iraqi experts who believe
    in democracy to avoid the shortcomings discussed; especially when it
    comes to the fact that the Permanent Constitution will represent a
    crucial stage after so many years of absence of the law and the
    paralyzing of the constitution terms. The following are some other
    examples:

    1- The political characteristic of the preamble: It is likely for the
    preamble to have a legal mark that justifies the appearance of the
    Basic Law. The preamble should depend on legal items rather than
    political ones.

    2- The Law has ignored the possibility of the fact that some of the
    Iraqis may wish for the restoration of the monarchy system to Iraq as
    well as the kind and nature of government in Iraq. This made the
    Secretary of the League of Arab States state that the views and
    standpoints of the Iraqis should be appreciated as respect to the
    principles of democracy.

    3- The 2nd article (B) includes a typing mistake.

    4- The terminology used to describe the law is sometimes overlapping.
    It is somewhere called `The Administrative Law for the Transitional
    Period' and called `The Supreme Law of the Country' somewhere else.
    There are also hard restrictions concerned with modifications in it
    that ascends it to the level of a permanent constitution. There
    should have been one unchangeable term to describe it: either a law
    inferior to a constitution or a constitution that is superior to a
    law. This overlapping terminology is there because the political
    stamp dominates the legal one. Besides, the lack of Iraqi experts
    while the final draft of the Constitution was being discussed. We
    believe that it should be called `The Supreme Law of the Country'
    until the Permanent Constitution is issued.

    5- The Law does not point to the appended articles attached to the
    Administrative Law for the Transitional Period that constitutes an
    independent part of the articles as stated in item 1 - B of the 2nd
    article in the Law.

    6- The 4th article talks about (the system in Iraq) whereas the
    correct expression should be the political system in Iraq. Besides,
    the provision is at odds with the desire of some people for a
    political monarchy system. It has imposed the republican system;
    while the Iraqis in a referendum should have decided this after
    making a clear and general census. Such census, however, can not be
    made if the problems brought about by the former regime are not
    resolved such as, the Kirkuk issue as well as the other cities that
    underwent Arabization and ethnic cleansing. It is also appears that
    the provision is an English translated one that has a poor style.
    Accordingly, it is of crucial importance to distinguish between the
    form of the Iraqi State which is a federal state and the system or
    political system be it a monarchy or republican.

    7- A notable mistake can be seen in article 2 where mention about the
    elections is made without asserting the necessity of a general census
    of the Iraqis. There are about four million Iraqis scattered all over
    the world in addition to half a million Faili Kurds who have been
    deported and deprived of citizenship after confiscating their
    properties. These live in banishment and others were recently born
    and have seen Iraq only on a map; they do not know where does lie due
    to the policy of the former regime. There are also hundreds of
    thousands of displaced people who are the victims of deportation and
    ethnic cleansing of the cities of Kirkuk, Mandali, Khanaqeen, and
    Zarbatia as well as other cities to which the people have did not go
    back and so their original identity has been changed. Therefore; it
    is not recommended to make the elections without considering the
    deported people; and legally elections can not be made without a
    general census so that all Iraqis, in and out of Iraq would have the
    opportunity to participate. This point has to be considered as it
    affects the legitimacy of the elections. Thus, the main question is:
    how do we start making elections and writing the permanent
    constitution without having a census? And should the food rations
    card be such reliable evidence that the voters are Iraqis? We
    certainly know that Saddam dropped so many of these cards after
    displacing a lot of people. Other Iraqis who live abroad do not have
    and do not need a food rations card and they certainly are looking
    forward to take part in the elections through the Iraqi embassy as
    any other civilized country in the world would do. The food rations
    card is a primitive style adopted by the former regime for political
    reasons. Besides, there are many people who have more than one card
    in hope for getting more than one ration of food.

    8- In article 3 this statement appears `Or is likely to affect Islam
    or any other religion or ritual'. We believe that this is a
    superfluous and an unjustified statement.

    9- Article 6 states: `the Iraqi Interim Government will take
    substantial steps to end the impacts of the repressive deeds by the
    former regime such as, the coercive displacement, denaturalization,
    the confiscation of movable and immovable properties, and firing
    people from their positions in the government for political, ethnic
    or sectarian reasons.' We believe that this text is deficient for it
    ignore an important issue which the compensation of the aggrieved and
    wronged Iraqis for religious reasons such as, the Christians, the
    Jewish people, the Ezidians and the Sabi'a.

    10- An item about Kirkuk occurs in article 58 of the Law of State
    Administration for the transitional period to resolve the problems
    resulted from Arabization, the splitting of districts and
    sub-districts from this city, and altering its Kurdistani identity.
    It states: `the former regime acted fraudulently with the
    administrative boundaries of the city to achieve some political
    goals. The Iraqi Interim Government or the presidency have to give
    recommendation to the National Assembly to alter such partialities.
    If the presidency did not approve collectively of a number of
    recommendations, they have to appoint neutral arbitrators to achieve
    that. And in case the presidential council could not agree on proper
    arbitrators, they need to appeal to the Secretary General to appoint
    a known international personality to do that.'

    We think that the aforementioned statement is also deficient and it
    does not serve peace or the interests of the nationalities in Iraq
    for the reasons below:

    First: The case of Kirkuk is an Iraqi pure issue and its file should
    not be forwarded to international arbitrators, even if they are
    neutral or collectively approved of, because that will allow other
    parties to interfere on the basis of having other nationalities such
    as the Turkmans. This has already been seen earlier when the media
    channels in Turkey maintained that the Kirkuk case is not an Iraqi
    internal issue. Moreover, an Iraqi expert would be certainly better
    than a foreigner in understanding what has happened to this city and
    its history as a problem of building peace in Kurdistan.

    Second: The Law of State Administration formed the Constitutional
    High Court devoted to settle the problems and conflicts between the
    government of any region and the federal central government. Hence,
    any dispute on Kirkuk can be forwarded to that Court for settlement.
    Any decision passed by this Court about the issue should be lawful
    and just and should consolidate the principles of the state of law.

    Second: General Principles and Basic Rights of the Permanent
    Constitution of the New Iraq

    There is no doubt that the Law of State Administration for the
    transitional period - if it did not provide the Kurdish people with all
    their rights - can be considered a remarkable step towards resolving
    the Kurdish Case justly and peacefully after years of internal
    fighting and after offering huge sacrifices to assert the national
    rights of Kurds. It has considered the rights of the Kurdish people
    sincerely at the moment and it is hoped that the Faili Kurds issue
    may be also considered as well as the victims of Arabization, ethnic
    cleansing, deportation, the lost and all other victims of the former
    regime.

    The Law, furthermore, is a promising step towards respecting the
    rights of the other nationalities such as, the Turkumans and the
    Kildo - Assyrians; it is also a noticeable step towards securing the
    rights of other religion followers and towards the practice of
    religious rituals and the political and cultural rights. It is the
    first time that such a Law confirms that the form of the Iraqi State
    will be changed from a simple autocratic State to a pluralistic,
    democratic, and parliamentary State based on federalism.

    Before referring to the basics of the Iraqi Permanent Constitution of
    the New Iraq after the liberation, it is necessary to state that the
    American Bar Association (ABA) will form an Iraqi Constitution Work
    Group (ICWG) at the beginning of 2005. This group will be formed from
    Iraqis in and out of Iraq including the Iraqi Lawyers Union,
    academicians, and people from human rights organizations,
    non-governmental organizations, women organizations as well as some
    Iraqi judges. These will draft the permanent constitution of the
    country supervised by the ABA to build a federal, pluralistic and
    democratic Iraq in which the human rights and principles of law are
    respected. It is noteworthy that I presented a proposal for the
    project of the permanent constitution of a federal, pluralistic, and
    democratic Iraq while I was working with a group of Iraqi experts to
    build democracy in Iraq that worked under he supervision of the
    American State Department in the years 2001 - 2002 called DWG.

    That proposal was approved by the Iraqi experts as well as by the
    participants in the Iraqi Opposition Conference held on December 14,
    2002 with two other proposals: the Bill of Iraqi Rights, and the
    project of Federalism for the New Iraq after the Saddam era. As the
    drafting of the Permanent Constitution and the of the New Iraq is
    approaching, it is essential to demonstrate some of the most
    important principles and basic rights of the Permanent Constitution
    of the New Iraq. The following are thus taken from my proposal that
    was presented to the American State Department and the Iraqi National
    Forces several months before the Operation Iraqi Freedom.

    First Principle: People are the source of the authorities and their
    legitimacy.

    Second Principle:

    1- Iraq is a federal, pluralistic, and democratic state based on a
    freely chosen federation between two essential partners, which are
    the Arabic People and the Kurdish People.

    2- The State of Iraq is based on ideological, political, religious,
    and national pluralism dominated by the law.

    3- The Arabs of Iraq are part of the Arab Nation.

    4- The Kurds of Iraq are part of the Kurdish Nation.

    5- The rights of other nationalities such as the Turkumans,
    Kildo - Assyrians, and Armenians should be protected by virtue of the
    Law.

    Third Principle:

    The system in Iraq is Republican. Powers are divided between the
    federal government and the regional governments, governorates, and
    local administrations according to the principles of federalism.

    Fourth Principle:

    1-Integrity and the land of Iraq are one. They are not to be
    abandoned. The right of the Kurdish people to self-determination is
    legitimate as well as its right to found an independent state if the
    constitutional institutions approve of that after having a general
    referendum in Kurdistan supervised by the United Nations.

    2-The referendum to such determination is only limited to Kurdistan;
    and the participation of the rest of Iraq would be illegitimate.

    Fifth Principle:

    1- Iraq is a neutral state and it does not go into any war.

    2- The Iraqi armed forces are controlled by civil institutions.

    3- The armed forces are absolutely banned from indulging into
    politics or political work.

    Sixth Principle:

    1- Those who were hurt by the former regime should be compensated
    morally and materially. A proportion of 5% of the oil revenues should
    be for compensation and the reconstruction of the harmed areas in
    Kurdistan and the south of Iraq.

    2- Those who were killed, lost, people of the mass graves, the
    victims of Halabja and Anfal, and the Faili Kurds, and the victims of
    the middle and the south of Iraq are all to be recorded as the
    martyrs of Iraq's National Movement.

    3- The traces and remnants of Arabization, ethnic cleansing, and
    displacement should be transparently cleared by virtue of the law.

    Seventh Principle:

    1- The Iraqis who were deported and who left the country, and were
    deprived of citizenship, should be naturalized again; including the
    Faili Kurds. The confiscated money and property should be restored
    and those who were fired from their positions due top the repressive
    policy adopted by the former regime should go back to their work.

    2- The period passed should be counted as years of service for
    pension reasons.

    Eighth Principle:

    The flag, slogan, and national anthem of Iraq should be set on the
    basis of a law that takes into account the existence of two main
    nationalities (the Arabs and the Kurds). They should symbolize
    fraternity, multi-nationalities of Iraq and tolerance among them and
    among different religion followers, and they should indicate
    neutrality.

    Ninth Principle:

    1- Arabic and Kurdish are the official languages in Iraq.

    2- The other nationalities like Turkumans, Kildo - Assyrians, and
    Armenians have the right to education in their own languages.

    Tenth Principle:

    The Universal Declaration of the Human Rights that appeared on
    December 10, 1948 and the supplement conventions should not be
    segregated from the principles of the Permanent Constitution. The
    international conventions and agreements that the Iraqi government
    signs should be part of the legal system and should be respected and
    committed to.

    Eleventh Principle:

    1- The Iraqis have equal rights and duties regardless to sex,
    attitude, colour, ethnicity, belief, nationality, and religion; and
    are equal before the law.

    2- The Iraqis should not be denaturalized, banished, or prohibited
    from entrance to Iraq.

    3- As an exception to the above item, the person who is known to have
    given false substantial information to obtain citizenship should be
    deprived of it.

    Twelfth Principle:

    1- Iraqi citizenship and its regulations should be organized by the
    law.

    2- Iraqis should not remain without citizenship and passports.

    3- Iraqis are allowed to have more than one citizenship.

    Thirteenth Principle:

    All kinds of freedom, public and private, should be preserved and the
    individual's privacy should not be transgressed.

    Fourteenth Principle:

    The right to freedom of thought and expression should be protected.

    Fifteenth Principle:

    1- Every citizen has the right to the freedom of holding peaceful
    meetings, establishing unions, and peaceful strike and
    demonstrations.

    2- Every citizen has the right to the freedom of possession, movement
    and travel to any place as well as to return according to the law.

    Sixteenth Principle:

    Every Iraqi has the right to security, education, and health and
    social insurance.

    Seventeenth Principle:

    Any three governorates (provinces) or more have the right to form a
    region in accordance with the law. The border of any region should
    not be drawn on the basis of sect, ethnicity, or nationality. Iraq
    consists of the following regions; considering the fact that each
    region has the right through a referendum to shape its relation with
    the central federal government.

    Kurdistan Region: Its geographical and administrative borders are
    drawn on legal and historical basis. Kurdistan region should also
    include Kirkuk according to the general census of 1957. The
    conditions should be normalized and the impacts and remnants of
    Arabization, ethnic cleansing, displacement, and the crimes of the
    former regime should be eliminated. These should be done by restoring
    the conditions geographically, administratively, and legally to the
    period before the March Agreement of 1970.

    The Center Region: It includes some of the other governorates with
    out Baghdad which is the Capital of Federal state.

    The South Region: This is the south federalism the borders of which
    should be drawn on geographical, not a sectarian basis. It
    administratively includes three governorates or more.

    Eighteenth Principle:

    1- Military service is a voluntary one; and should not be compulsory.


    2- No group or party is allowed to form militias or semi military
    bodies. People are not allowed to trade in, carry, and circulate
    weapons or else permitted by the law.

    Nineteenth Principle:

    1- Death sentence or execution should not remain any more in the
    Iraqi legal system after the trial of the former regime agents.

    2- Death penalty should be cancelled in the Iraqi law.

    3- Punishment should be there for reform, not for revenge.

    Twentieth Principle:

    1- A High Constitutional Court should be formed to monitor the
    constitution of laws, specify them, and to preserve the separation of
    legislative, judiciary, and the executive powers. This is considered
    as one of the constitutional principles of the state of law and the
    respect and promotion of the independence of law.

    2- People who will hold judicial positions should not be
    discriminated on the basis of religion, sex, belief, nationality, or
    sect.

    3- The judge is absolutely prohibited from practicing political or
    partisan work.

    4- All people have the right to carry on a lawsuit.

    5- No special or exceptional courts should be formed.

    6- Trial sessions should be open unless otherwise decided by the
    court.

    7- The law decides how tribunals are formed as well as the conditions
    of appointing the judges.

    Twenty First Principle:

    1- A Supreme Body to combat financial and administrative corruption
    should be formed. Severe legal measures should be taken against
    people who are involved in such corruption regardless to their
    positions and responsibilities. This is in addition to attempts that
    should be made to handle the aspects of corruption by virtue of the
    law.

    2- No official or high official should have constitutional or legal
    immunities.

    Twenty Second Principle:

    1- Right of asylum is guaranteed to any person who is considered a
    refugee according to the international conventions.

    2- People who have political asylum should not be extradited.

    3- International criminals should not be given the right to political
    asylum or forgiveness. They do not enjoy any insusceptibility and
    their crimes should not be dropped through prescription.

    Twenty Third Principle:

    1- People have to pay financial taxes that should be imposed by the
    law. One unified currency should be minted by virtue of the law.

    2- The writing on the currency should be in Arabic, Kurdish, and
    English.

    Twenty Fourth Principle:

    1- The constitutional institutions for the federal state consist of a
    national parliament and the council of nationalities of the regions
    in accordance with law and democratic principles.

    2- Women participation should not be less than 50% in those
    institutions.

    Twenty Fifth Principle:

    The Law determines the functions of the prosecution and its
    institutions and bodies in the Iraqi Federal State.

    Twenty Sixth Principle:

    1- The laws and regulations should be published in the official
    newspapers in Arabic and Kurdish and they should be effective on the
    day of their release unless otherwise stated by the law.

    2- The law or judgment should not be retroactive if it is not in
    favour of the accused.

    3- The Permanent Constitution should not be modified unless one third
    of the members of the National Assembly agree.

    Twenty Seventh Principle:

    1- The accused is innocent until the court proves him guilty.

    2- The right to defense is a sanctified in all the stages of the
    trial on the basis of law. Violence or torture to win confession is
    prohibited.

    3- One's dignity should be protected. The practice of any form of
    physical or psychological torture is prohibited. One who is hurt
    should be compensated for. No person should be put to custody or
    imprisoned except by virtue of the law.

    4- Houses have sanctity. They should not be penetrated or inspected
    except according to the law.

    5- Punishment is personal; and there is no crime and no penalty
    without a provision. Punishment is for the deed, which is considered
    a crime by the law after being committed. No more severe penalty than
    what is decided should be carried out.

    Twenty Eighth Principle:

    The confidentiality of posting, telegraphing, telephoning, and
    electronic messages should be warranted.

    Twenty Ninth Principle:

    The freedom of embracing religion, beliefs, and the practice of
    religious activities and rituals should be legally insured; provided
    that they should not be at odds with rules of decorum or conduct.

    Thirtieth Principle:

    1- Inheritance is an insured right that is organized by the law.

    2- All Iraqis and non-Iraqis have the right to real estate and
    ownership. Ownership can not be expropriated from a person except due
    to a judgment passed by a relevant court after a fair compensation
    made for the person.

    Conflicting statements were heard from the members of the Governing
    Council and the Civil Governor of Iraq, Ambassador Paul Bremer,
    regarding nonintervention of external parts in the preparation of the
    Basic Law or the Interim Constitution. On the one hand, Mr. Bremer
    made it clear that neither he nor the British representative did
    interfere in any Iraq-related issue regarding the Interim
    Constitution. On the other hand Dr. Mohammed Bahr al-Aulum stated
    that the CIA imposed some provisions, which were in English and were
    added by a person to the Interim Constitution. Elsewhere, the
    president of the Governing Council Mohammed Bahr al-Aulum confessed
    that the CIA had a role in the writing of the constitution, but their
    role did not exceed consultation. However, other members of the
    Governing Council stated that most of the articles of Interim
    Constitution came from the outside of Iraq and were written in
    English.

    Review the aforementioned statement on the
    [REMOVED DEAD LINK]

    Review the provision of the two articles below, from the Law of State
    Administration for the Transitional Period, regarding the preparation
    for the permanent constitution.

    Sixtieth Article:

    The National Assembly is to present a draft of the Permanent
    Constitution of Iraq. The Assembly is likely to do that by
    encouraging discussions about the constitution in open, public, and
    periodic meetings all over Iraq and through the mass media. It should
    also take proposals and suggestions from the people of Iraq.

    Sixty-first Article:

    a - The National Assembly should prepare the draft of the Permanent
    Constitution before August 15, 2005.

    b - The draft will be shown to the Iraqi people to approve it through a
    general referendum. In the period before the referendum the draft
    should be published so that the people might have the chance to
    discuss it in advance.

    c - The referendum is successful and the Constitution is approved if
    the majority of the voters of Iraq agree on it, and if it is not
    rejected by one third of the voters in three or more provinces.

    d - When the Permanent Constitution is approved through the referendum,
    general elections should be made before December 15, 2005. The new
    government will take charge of authority before December 31, 2005.

    e - If the Constitution is not approved through the referendum, the
    Assembly will be dissolved and a new assembly should be elected
    before December 15, 2005. The new National Assembly and the new
    Government should take charge of authority before December 31,2005.
    Yet the final dates to issue a new draft of the Permanent
    Constitution might undergo changes provided that they should not
    exceed a year. The National Assembly will be entrusted to issue a new
    draft for another Permanent Constitution.

    f - When necessary, the president of the National Assembly is allowed
    after the approval of the majority of the members to demand for extra
    time for the completion of the draft before August 1, 2005. The
    presidential council then may extend the period to six months that
    can not be extended again.

    g - If the National Assembly did not finish the draft before August 15,
    2005, and did not demand for extension of the period as mentioned in
    item (d) above, then the provision of item (c) can be applied.

    Courtesy
    International Institute for Middle-East and Balkan Studies (IFIMES) -
    Ljubljana

    The International Institute for Middle-East and Balkan Studies
    (IFIMES) in Ljubljana, Slovenia, regularly analyses events in the
    Middle East and the Balkans. Dr Munther Al Fadhal, Member of Council
    of International Institute IFIMES, presents the basic principles of
    the new Iraqi constitution. We have published his complete proposal
    of the Basic Principles of the Permanent Constitution of the New
    Iraq.

    Dr. Munther Al-Fadhal
    Member of Council of International Institute
    for Middle East and Balkan Studies (IFIMES),
    Ljubljana, Slovenia, EU.

    http://www.noticias.info/asp/aspComunicados.asp?nid=49970&src=0
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