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Oct 7 2005
Salman Rushdie: Inside the Mind of Jihadists (3 comments )
It goes on and on. Bali was hit last week by suicide bombers. George
Bush upped the ante once again in "the global war on terror" with his
October 6 speech. The New York subway is on a high terror alert. What
is going on in the minds of the jihadists? What is the best way to
challenge the "Islamo-fascists?" I recently spoke to Salman Rushdie,
author of "The Satanic Verses" and, most recently, "Shalimar the
Clown", about these issues:
Nathan Gardels: It happened again last week in Bali, this time with
suicide bombers. Before this there was London, Madrid and 9/11. There
was the murder Theo Van Gogh on the street in Amsterdam and the
brutal beheading of Danny Pearl in Karachi. In your newest novel,
"Shalimar the Clown," you've imagined what is inside the minds of
jihadists. Is there a common motivation for these different acts. Is
it the "absolutism of the pure" striking out against the hybrid
impurities of cosmopolitan culture, as you've often written?
Salman Rushdie: In their minds at least, it is not a very theoretical
or intellectual thing except for a few at the top of these terror
networks.
The most essential characteristic of the person who commits terror of
this kind is the idea of dishonored manhood. I try to show this in my
novel. The character Shalimar picks up the gun not just because his
heart gets broken, but because his pride and honor get broken by
losing the woman he loves to a worldly man of greater consequence and
power. Somehow he has to rebuild his sense of manliness. That is what
leads him down the path to slashing an American ambassador's throat.
Living in the West, where there is no "honor culture," it is easy to
underestimate its power.
Judeo-Christian culture has to do with guilt and redemption. In
Eastern cultures, with no concept of original sin, the idea of
redemption from it doesn't make sense. Instead, the moral poles of
the culture have to do with honor and shame.
The idea of dishonor, of some kind of real or perceived humiliation,
can drive people to desperate acts.
Interestingly, in researching Shalimar, one of the things I
discovered was a kind of bizarre class differential between the
warriors and the suicide bombers. Strapping on a suicide belt is
looked down upon by some who think it is more manly to kill face to
face with a knife. Fighting is manly. Suicide bombing is cheap.
Those drawn into the act of suicide are malleable personalities.
Hezbollah, for example, has developed a quite detailed psychological
profile of the kind of person who can be persuaded to be a suicide
bomber. You have to be a weak personality to be a suicide bomber. You
have to accept the abnegation of the self. If your father or sister
needs a medical operation, the handlers will say, "You do this, and
we'll take care of that." There are a whole range of appeals, few of
which have to do with ideology.
Gardels: Certainly, though, what drives the jihadist movement is the
perception of collective humiliation and dishonor of Islamic culture
at the hands of the West. As V.S. Naipaul has written, they blame
their failure on the success of another civilization.
Rushdie: The birth of Islamic radicalism is relatively new. Fifty
years ago, during decolonization and the early post-colonial days,
Gamal Abdul Nasser in Egypt or the (National Liberation) Front in
Algeria, for example, were completely non-religious phenomena. Some
movements were led by Marxists. The cause was national liberation
from imperialism.
In time, leaders of many of those movements turned into corrupt fat
cats, and the Islamists, like the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, could
present themselves as the clean, virtuous alternative to secularism.
That gave them a big rhetorical advantage. The nationalists often
used the language of the Islamists, though they didn't mean it,
because it offered a legitimizing rhetoric for the decolonizing
period. However, by giving away their own tongues, they laid the
groundwork for those who came behind them, who really did mean what
they said. That is how Islamist radicalism grew.
But it grew differently in different places. In Iran, Khomeini was,
in effect, a creation of the Shah because the Shah had killed all the
other political voices. It wasn't like that in Kashmir. The presence
of the Indian army for so long created a great deal of general
unhappiness, the fertile soil from which radicalism could spring,
even though it was alien to the Kashmiri spirit. Then, when the
jihadists starting coming in from Pakistan, they targeted moderate
Muslim voices because they wanted a polarized situation. The
Kashmiris themselves were squeezed between two forces, neither for
which they had much affinity for.
There is a tendency to look at the jihadist movement as a monolith
globally. The only really global idea they have is this laughable
fantasy of "the return of the Caliphate." Inevitably they are
disappointed that this doesn't happen, and thus there is more
resentment.
The whole phenomenon is much more comprehensible when you look at
local sources. Suicide bombing in the Middle East is not the same as
suicide bombing in London.
Gardels: The French philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy argues that,
despite the considerable diversion of Iraq, the center of Islamic
radicalism is moving east to Asia, where most Muslims live. He argues
that "Kashmir is the new Palestine." Do you agree?
Rushdie: He says this because he is concerned about Pakistan. What he
is right about is that, behind General Musharraf, there is the
possibility of a really terrible situation where radical Islamists
get control of nuclear weapons. If that happens, it would dwarf any
other problem in the world. If Musharraf is assassinated and some
radical from the Pakistani intelligence services take over, then you
essentially have the Taliban with the bomb.
Gardels: After the London bombings, Iqbal Sacranie, the head of the
Muslim Council of Britain, condemned the acts of "our children" and
said they presented a "profound challenge" to local Muslims. Yet he
also had professed sympathy for the fatwa against you, saying "Death
is perhaps too easy" for the author of "The Satanic Verses." Isn't
that double standard precisely what created the space for the
children of the Muslim community in Europe to commit acts of
terrorism in their own homeland?
Rushdie: Yes. I think so. (British Prime Minister Tony) Blair is
making a real mistake believing that these ultra-conservative,
ultra-orthodox, non-modernizing - non-terrorist, to be fair - voices
like Sacranie are in some way representative of British Muslims. You
don't fight radical conservatism with not-quite-so radical
conservatism. Blair has put Sacranie's main deputy, who is on record
denying the Holocaust, on some committee supposedly fighting Islamic
radicalism!
These are not the people to get in bed with. Unfortunately, Blair's
own faith-based instincts lead him toward other people of faith as
being the solution.
One problem is that there is no truly representative institution for
British Muslims. Most Muslims in England are not ghettoized, or
particularly Muslim. They deal with their faith in a much lighter
way. They are citizens first and Muslims second or maybe seventeenth.
The conventional wisdom of Blair's government seems to be that
everyone is a Muslim first and must be dealt with on that basis.
The question is how you persuade this majority to organize. Given the
demonization about what I'm supposed to be, I'm certainly the wrong
person for this job. But still, the job needs to be done. At least I
can talk about it.
Gardels: Tariq Ramadan, the controversial Geneva-based scholar who is
a leading voice of European Muslims, says something similar. He says
the problem is the narrow teaching of the Koran by imams in the
closed communities of big European cities who are trained in the Arab
world. They tell alienated youth they should be ashamed of not being
good Muslims because they are contaminated by the "un-Islamic
environment" in which they live.
Yet, most Muslims, he argues, are engaged in a "'silent revolution'
led substantially by women, who have committed themselves to
democracy, freedom of conscience and worship and diversity. They are
both citizens of the West and look to Islam for their meaning in
life. This silent revolution is the real enemy of the London bombers
because it refuses to accept the 'us vs. them' worldview."
Do you agree?
Rushdie: Oddly, because it comes form Tariq Ramadan, I more or less
agree with that. The central issue here is interpretation, or
itjihad. Conservative Muslims say that only Islamic scholars, ulema,
can interpret the Koran. The religious power elite thus maintains
control because theirs is the only interpretation that is acceptable.
And because they have a literalist reading of the Koran, they never
question first principles. It is from this kind of interpretive
process that so many atrocities are committed, like the one in India
recently where a woman was told she had to leave her husband because
she was "unclean" after being raped by her father-in-law!
One of the reasons my name is Rushdie is that my father was an
admirer of Ibn Rush'd, the 12th century Arab philosopher known as
Averroes in the West. In his time, he was making the non-literalist
case for interpreting the Koran.
One argument of his with which I've also had sympathy is this: In the
Judeo-Christian idea, God created man in his own image and,
therefore, they share some characteristics. By contrast, the Koran
says God has no human characteristics. It would be demeaning God to
say that. We are merely human. He is God.
Ibn Rush'd and others in his time argued that language, too, is a
human characteristic. Therefore it is improper - in Koranic terms -
to argue that God speaks Arabic or any other language. That God would
speak at all would mean he has a mouth and human form. So, Ibn Rush'd
said, if God doesn't use human language, then the writing down of the
Koran, as received in the human mind from the Angel Gabriel, is
itself an act of interpretation. The original text is itself an act
of interpretation. If that is so, then further interpretation of the
Koran according to historical context, rather than literally, is
quite legitimate.
In the 12th century, this argument was defeated. It needs to raised
again in the 21st century. The sad thing, as I discovered in my
research for "The Satanic Verses" and other books, is that so much
scholarship was already done on the Koran in past centuries,
including on the dating of verses and the order they are placed. When
you read the Koran as a writer, you immediately notice places where
the subject changes radically in the middle of a verse and then picks
up several passages later. Obviously, in this "sacred" text, an
editor's hand was at work.
Today, in a lot of the Muslim world, such historical study is
prohibited. That is why the place to start today is with a new
Islamic scholarship.
I have called for an Islamic Reformation, but that may give the wrong
connotation because of Martin Luther's puritanical cast.
Enlightenment might be a better term. The point is, Islam has to
change. The dead hand of literalism is what is giving power to the
conservatives and the radicals. If you want to take that away from
them, you must start with the issue of interpretation and insist that
all ideas, even sacred ones, must adapt to new realities.
All other major religions have gone through this process of
questioning, but remain standing. An Islamic questioning might well
undermine the radicals, but it won't undermine Islam.
Gardels: From where will the impulse of this Islamic enlightenment
come? >From the "silent revolution" of Western Muslims? From Asia?
Problematically, the "dead hand of literalism" reigns most severely
in the Arab world, the cradle of Islam.
Rushdie: It is very improbable that it would come from the
Arab-speaking world. It is more likely to come form the diaspora
where Muslims in the West or India have lived with secularism.
Muslims are well integrated in India, having long known the
secularism to which they adhere protects them and their faith from
the dictatorship of the Hindu majority.
In Europe, integration has been held up as a bad word by
multiculturalists, but I don't see any necessary conflict. After all,
we don't want to create countries of little apartheids. No
enlightenment will come from multicultural appeasement. This is very
evident today in Holland, for example. Contrast that with the French
model of secular integration. The headscarf controversy of a year ago
is now a non-issue because a broad agreement emerged there across the
spectrum that secularism is the best for everyone - from Muslims to
Le Pen.
Gardels: Those who favor Turkey's accession to the European Union
argue it is critical for bridging the gap with Muslim civilization.
But Muslim leaders like (former Malaysian prime minister) Mohamad
Mahathir say Turkey cannot be a model for the Muslim world precisely
because it is committed to European secularism. What would it mean
for better West-Muslim relations if Turkey joined Europe?
Rushdie: Not much. It is a mistake to make it such a big symbol.
Turkish secularism also seems a little rocky right now, though still
holding. But they have big problems they haven't begun to address,
starting with a penal code that is used against writers and
publishers - some 14 or 15 who are up for trial right now. Orhan
Pamuk, the novelist, has been charged for merely saying there is
something to the Ottoman massacre of Armenians. The power of the
Islamists is still far too great.
So, skepticism is warranted about Turkey in Europe. If Turkey wants
to join Europe, it will have to become a European country, and that
might take a long time.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nathan-gardels/salman-rushdie-inside-th_b_8486.html
Oct 7 2005
Salman Rushdie: Inside the Mind of Jihadists (3 comments )
It goes on and on. Bali was hit last week by suicide bombers. George
Bush upped the ante once again in "the global war on terror" with his
October 6 speech. The New York subway is on a high terror alert. What
is going on in the minds of the jihadists? What is the best way to
challenge the "Islamo-fascists?" I recently spoke to Salman Rushdie,
author of "The Satanic Verses" and, most recently, "Shalimar the
Clown", about these issues:
Nathan Gardels: It happened again last week in Bali, this time with
suicide bombers. Before this there was London, Madrid and 9/11. There
was the murder Theo Van Gogh on the street in Amsterdam and the
brutal beheading of Danny Pearl in Karachi. In your newest novel,
"Shalimar the Clown," you've imagined what is inside the minds of
jihadists. Is there a common motivation for these different acts. Is
it the "absolutism of the pure" striking out against the hybrid
impurities of cosmopolitan culture, as you've often written?
Salman Rushdie: In their minds at least, it is not a very theoretical
or intellectual thing except for a few at the top of these terror
networks.
The most essential characteristic of the person who commits terror of
this kind is the idea of dishonored manhood. I try to show this in my
novel. The character Shalimar picks up the gun not just because his
heart gets broken, but because his pride and honor get broken by
losing the woman he loves to a worldly man of greater consequence and
power. Somehow he has to rebuild his sense of manliness. That is what
leads him down the path to slashing an American ambassador's throat.
Living in the West, where there is no "honor culture," it is easy to
underestimate its power.
Judeo-Christian culture has to do with guilt and redemption. In
Eastern cultures, with no concept of original sin, the idea of
redemption from it doesn't make sense. Instead, the moral poles of
the culture have to do with honor and shame.
The idea of dishonor, of some kind of real or perceived humiliation,
can drive people to desperate acts.
Interestingly, in researching Shalimar, one of the things I
discovered was a kind of bizarre class differential between the
warriors and the suicide bombers. Strapping on a suicide belt is
looked down upon by some who think it is more manly to kill face to
face with a knife. Fighting is manly. Suicide bombing is cheap.
Those drawn into the act of suicide are malleable personalities.
Hezbollah, for example, has developed a quite detailed psychological
profile of the kind of person who can be persuaded to be a suicide
bomber. You have to be a weak personality to be a suicide bomber. You
have to accept the abnegation of the self. If your father or sister
needs a medical operation, the handlers will say, "You do this, and
we'll take care of that." There are a whole range of appeals, few of
which have to do with ideology.
Gardels: Certainly, though, what drives the jihadist movement is the
perception of collective humiliation and dishonor of Islamic culture
at the hands of the West. As V.S. Naipaul has written, they blame
their failure on the success of another civilization.
Rushdie: The birth of Islamic radicalism is relatively new. Fifty
years ago, during decolonization and the early post-colonial days,
Gamal Abdul Nasser in Egypt or the (National Liberation) Front in
Algeria, for example, were completely non-religious phenomena. Some
movements were led by Marxists. The cause was national liberation
from imperialism.
In time, leaders of many of those movements turned into corrupt fat
cats, and the Islamists, like the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, could
present themselves as the clean, virtuous alternative to secularism.
That gave them a big rhetorical advantage. The nationalists often
used the language of the Islamists, though they didn't mean it,
because it offered a legitimizing rhetoric for the decolonizing
period. However, by giving away their own tongues, they laid the
groundwork for those who came behind them, who really did mean what
they said. That is how Islamist radicalism grew.
But it grew differently in different places. In Iran, Khomeini was,
in effect, a creation of the Shah because the Shah had killed all the
other political voices. It wasn't like that in Kashmir. The presence
of the Indian army for so long created a great deal of general
unhappiness, the fertile soil from which radicalism could spring,
even though it was alien to the Kashmiri spirit. Then, when the
jihadists starting coming in from Pakistan, they targeted moderate
Muslim voices because they wanted a polarized situation. The
Kashmiris themselves were squeezed between two forces, neither for
which they had much affinity for.
There is a tendency to look at the jihadist movement as a monolith
globally. The only really global idea they have is this laughable
fantasy of "the return of the Caliphate." Inevitably they are
disappointed that this doesn't happen, and thus there is more
resentment.
The whole phenomenon is much more comprehensible when you look at
local sources. Suicide bombing in the Middle East is not the same as
suicide bombing in London.
Gardels: The French philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy argues that,
despite the considerable diversion of Iraq, the center of Islamic
radicalism is moving east to Asia, where most Muslims live. He argues
that "Kashmir is the new Palestine." Do you agree?
Rushdie: He says this because he is concerned about Pakistan. What he
is right about is that, behind General Musharraf, there is the
possibility of a really terrible situation where radical Islamists
get control of nuclear weapons. If that happens, it would dwarf any
other problem in the world. If Musharraf is assassinated and some
radical from the Pakistani intelligence services take over, then you
essentially have the Taliban with the bomb.
Gardels: After the London bombings, Iqbal Sacranie, the head of the
Muslim Council of Britain, condemned the acts of "our children" and
said they presented a "profound challenge" to local Muslims. Yet he
also had professed sympathy for the fatwa against you, saying "Death
is perhaps too easy" for the author of "The Satanic Verses." Isn't
that double standard precisely what created the space for the
children of the Muslim community in Europe to commit acts of
terrorism in their own homeland?
Rushdie: Yes. I think so. (British Prime Minister Tony) Blair is
making a real mistake believing that these ultra-conservative,
ultra-orthodox, non-modernizing - non-terrorist, to be fair - voices
like Sacranie are in some way representative of British Muslims. You
don't fight radical conservatism with not-quite-so radical
conservatism. Blair has put Sacranie's main deputy, who is on record
denying the Holocaust, on some committee supposedly fighting Islamic
radicalism!
These are not the people to get in bed with. Unfortunately, Blair's
own faith-based instincts lead him toward other people of faith as
being the solution.
One problem is that there is no truly representative institution for
British Muslims. Most Muslims in England are not ghettoized, or
particularly Muslim. They deal with their faith in a much lighter
way. They are citizens first and Muslims second or maybe seventeenth.
The conventional wisdom of Blair's government seems to be that
everyone is a Muslim first and must be dealt with on that basis.
The question is how you persuade this majority to organize. Given the
demonization about what I'm supposed to be, I'm certainly the wrong
person for this job. But still, the job needs to be done. At least I
can talk about it.
Gardels: Tariq Ramadan, the controversial Geneva-based scholar who is
a leading voice of European Muslims, says something similar. He says
the problem is the narrow teaching of the Koran by imams in the
closed communities of big European cities who are trained in the Arab
world. They tell alienated youth they should be ashamed of not being
good Muslims because they are contaminated by the "un-Islamic
environment" in which they live.
Yet, most Muslims, he argues, are engaged in a "'silent revolution'
led substantially by women, who have committed themselves to
democracy, freedom of conscience and worship and diversity. They are
both citizens of the West and look to Islam for their meaning in
life. This silent revolution is the real enemy of the London bombers
because it refuses to accept the 'us vs. them' worldview."
Do you agree?
Rushdie: Oddly, because it comes form Tariq Ramadan, I more or less
agree with that. The central issue here is interpretation, or
itjihad. Conservative Muslims say that only Islamic scholars, ulema,
can interpret the Koran. The religious power elite thus maintains
control because theirs is the only interpretation that is acceptable.
And because they have a literalist reading of the Koran, they never
question first principles. It is from this kind of interpretive
process that so many atrocities are committed, like the one in India
recently where a woman was told she had to leave her husband because
she was "unclean" after being raped by her father-in-law!
One of the reasons my name is Rushdie is that my father was an
admirer of Ibn Rush'd, the 12th century Arab philosopher known as
Averroes in the West. In his time, he was making the non-literalist
case for interpreting the Koran.
One argument of his with which I've also had sympathy is this: In the
Judeo-Christian idea, God created man in his own image and,
therefore, they share some characteristics. By contrast, the Koran
says God has no human characteristics. It would be demeaning God to
say that. We are merely human. He is God.
Ibn Rush'd and others in his time argued that language, too, is a
human characteristic. Therefore it is improper - in Koranic terms -
to argue that God speaks Arabic or any other language. That God would
speak at all would mean he has a mouth and human form. So, Ibn Rush'd
said, if God doesn't use human language, then the writing down of the
Koran, as received in the human mind from the Angel Gabriel, is
itself an act of interpretation. The original text is itself an act
of interpretation. If that is so, then further interpretation of the
Koran according to historical context, rather than literally, is
quite legitimate.
In the 12th century, this argument was defeated. It needs to raised
again in the 21st century. The sad thing, as I discovered in my
research for "The Satanic Verses" and other books, is that so much
scholarship was already done on the Koran in past centuries,
including on the dating of verses and the order they are placed. When
you read the Koran as a writer, you immediately notice places where
the subject changes radically in the middle of a verse and then picks
up several passages later. Obviously, in this "sacred" text, an
editor's hand was at work.
Today, in a lot of the Muslim world, such historical study is
prohibited. That is why the place to start today is with a new
Islamic scholarship.
I have called for an Islamic Reformation, but that may give the wrong
connotation because of Martin Luther's puritanical cast.
Enlightenment might be a better term. The point is, Islam has to
change. The dead hand of literalism is what is giving power to the
conservatives and the radicals. If you want to take that away from
them, you must start with the issue of interpretation and insist that
all ideas, even sacred ones, must adapt to new realities.
All other major religions have gone through this process of
questioning, but remain standing. An Islamic questioning might well
undermine the radicals, but it won't undermine Islam.
Gardels: From where will the impulse of this Islamic enlightenment
come? >From the "silent revolution" of Western Muslims? From Asia?
Problematically, the "dead hand of literalism" reigns most severely
in the Arab world, the cradle of Islam.
Rushdie: It is very improbable that it would come from the
Arab-speaking world. It is more likely to come form the diaspora
where Muslims in the West or India have lived with secularism.
Muslims are well integrated in India, having long known the
secularism to which they adhere protects them and their faith from
the dictatorship of the Hindu majority.
In Europe, integration has been held up as a bad word by
multiculturalists, but I don't see any necessary conflict. After all,
we don't want to create countries of little apartheids. No
enlightenment will come from multicultural appeasement. This is very
evident today in Holland, for example. Contrast that with the French
model of secular integration. The headscarf controversy of a year ago
is now a non-issue because a broad agreement emerged there across the
spectrum that secularism is the best for everyone - from Muslims to
Le Pen.
Gardels: Those who favor Turkey's accession to the European Union
argue it is critical for bridging the gap with Muslim civilization.
But Muslim leaders like (former Malaysian prime minister) Mohamad
Mahathir say Turkey cannot be a model for the Muslim world precisely
because it is committed to European secularism. What would it mean
for better West-Muslim relations if Turkey joined Europe?
Rushdie: Not much. It is a mistake to make it such a big symbol.
Turkish secularism also seems a little rocky right now, though still
holding. But they have big problems they haven't begun to address,
starting with a penal code that is used against writers and
publishers - some 14 or 15 who are up for trial right now. Orhan
Pamuk, the novelist, has been charged for merely saying there is
something to the Ottoman massacre of Armenians. The power of the
Islamists is still far too great.
So, skepticism is warranted about Turkey in Europe. If Turkey wants
to join Europe, it will have to become a European country, and that
might take a long time.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nathan-gardels/salman-rushdie-inside-th_b_8486.html