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ABUSE OF ELECTROSHOCK FOUND IN TURKISH MENTAL HOSPITALS
By Craig S. Smith
New York Times
Sept 29 2005
PARIS, Sept. 28- Turkey's psychiatric hospitals are riddled with
horrific abuses, including the use of raw electroshock as a form of
punishment, according to a human rights report issued in Istanbul on
Wednesday, just days before Turkey begins formal talks to join the
European Union.
Photo: Mental Disability Rights International Patients languished on
the grounds of Bakirkoy Psychiatric Hospital
Photo: Mental Disability Rights International At the Saray
Rehabilitation Center, investigators from a human rights group saw
children with plastic water bottles taped over their hands to keep
them from biting their fingers. The group found abuses in Turkish
mental hospitals to include use of electroshock, without anesthetics,
as punishment.
The report, by Mental Disability Rights International, a
Washington-based group, came after several visits in the past year
by the group's investigators to psychiatric hospitals and other
facilities for people with developmental or mental disabilities.
While the report details many types of abuses, it said the most
disturbing involved the use of electroconvulsive therapy without
anesthesia to treat a wide range of illnesses in adults and children.
The World Health Organization has called for a ban on "unmodified" or
"direct" use of the treatment and states that children should never
be subjected to it in any form.
The therapy, in which an electrical current is passed through the
brain, was developed in the 1930's and continues to be used in
mainstream psychiatry to treat a limited number of ailments. But it
is normally administered with anesthesia and muscle relaxants.
Without them it can be painful, terrifying and dangerous. Patients
can break jaws or crack vertebrae during the induced seizures. The
report quotes a 28-year-old patient at Bakirkoy Psychiatric Hospital
in Istanbul as saying, "I felt like dying."
The Health Ministry, which is responsible for psychiatric hospitals,
said it had not yet read the report and declined to comment, other
than to say that the director of the electroconvulsive therapy center
at Bakirkoy denied administering unmodified electroshocks there.
But on one day in April when the rights group's staff visited the
center, 24 people received such treatments, the report said.
Technicians at the center told the group that only patients who
had broken bones, presumably from previous treatments, were given
anesthesia.
The human rights group estimated that unmodified shock treatment was
used on nearly a third of patients undergoing psychiatric crises at
the government-run hospitals, including children as young as 9. The
treatment is also administered for many illnesses, like postpartum
depression, that are not generally considered by the international
psychiatric community to warrant electroshock.
The investigators also found that the treatment was used as
punishment. The report describes patients being dragged to electroshock
therapy in straitjackets and forcibly held down during the procedure.
"If we use anesthesia the E.C.T. won't be as effective, because
they won't feel punished," the report quotes the director of the
electroconvulsive therapy center as saying.
Referring to that statement, Eric Rosenthal, the founder of the rights
group, said in a telephone interview from Istanbul, "That was one
of most horrifying statements I've ever heard in 12 years of doing
this work."
Turkey has been criticized for using unmodified electroshock before.
In 1997 the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture called on
Turkey to stop the practice, and the Health Ministry promised to do so.
Now, the new report is likely to complicate Turkey's talks with the
European Union, because of the organization's strict human rights
requirements for membership.
"There's no question that what's described in the report counts as
torture under the European convention and shouldn't exist in Turkey
or anywhere in Europe," said Richard Howitt, a British member of
the European Parliament who sits on the joint European Union-Turkish
parliamentary committee.
He said he would bring up the report as part of the membership
negotiations, because to join, a nation must be judged to follow
democratic principles, respect human rights and be on its way to
meeting certain economic and institutional standards.
The report, which includes testimony from former patients and videos
taken inside some institutions, reported other abuses as well.
Much of the documented abuse took place in orphanages and
rehabilitation centers for children with developmental or intellectual
disabilities. Investigators saw emaciated and neglected children,
many of whom had behavioral problems that were likely to have
been the result of mistreatment rather than pre-existing illness,
Mr. Rosenthal said.
"We saw children who were essentially abandoned, starving, tied down to
their beds," he said, adding that investigators had not been allowed
to see the worst wards.
Photographs and videos taken at the Saray Rehabilitation Center,
the largest of Turkey's government-run rehabilitation centers, show
skeletal children, some with plastic water bottles taped over their
hands to prevent them from biting their fingers. Other children with
only minor disabilities are mixed in with the rest.
Although the center keeps no mortality records, a footnote in
the report notes that the large number of admissions without a
corresponding number of discharges suggests that many children die
at the center.
"We believe there's a very high death rate in these facilities," Mr.
Rosenthal said.
Officials at Turkey's Directorate for Social Services and Child
Protection could not be reached for comment.
The report said that there were no enforceable laws in Turkey to
protect mentally ill people from arbitrary detention or forced
treatment and that there were virtually no community services that
might keep them out of institutions. As a result, according to the
report, thousands are institutionalized for life.
Mr. Rosenthal founded Mental Disability Rights International in 1993.
It now has a staff of nine people, including one in Turkey.
Massacres of Armenians Recalled
STRASBOURG, France, Sept. 28 (Reuters) - The European Parliament gave
only a grudging blessing on Wednesday to membership talks with Turkey
starting next week and said Ankara must recognize the massacres of
Armenians during the years around 1915 as genocide before it can join
the Euopean Union.
The resolution, which is nonbinding, was a political slap for Turkey,
which insists that the killings, carried out by the Ottoman Empire,
did not constitute genocide.
By Craig S. Smith
New York Times
Sept 29 2005
PARIS, Sept. 28- Turkey's psychiatric hospitals are riddled with
horrific abuses, including the use of raw electroshock as a form of
punishment, according to a human rights report issued in Istanbul on
Wednesday, just days before Turkey begins formal talks to join the
European Union.
Photo: Mental Disability Rights International Patients languished on
the grounds of Bakirkoy Psychiatric Hospital
Photo: Mental Disability Rights International At the Saray
Rehabilitation Center, investigators from a human rights group saw
children with plastic water bottles taped over their hands to keep
them from biting their fingers. The group found abuses in Turkish
mental hospitals to include use of electroshock, without anesthetics,
as punishment.
The report, by Mental Disability Rights International, a
Washington-based group, came after several visits in the past year
by the group's investigators to psychiatric hospitals and other
facilities for people with developmental or mental disabilities.
While the report details many types of abuses, it said the most
disturbing involved the use of electroconvulsive therapy without
anesthesia to treat a wide range of illnesses in adults and children.
The World Health Organization has called for a ban on "unmodified" or
"direct" use of the treatment and states that children should never
be subjected to it in any form.
The therapy, in which an electrical current is passed through the
brain, was developed in the 1930's and continues to be used in
mainstream psychiatry to treat a limited number of ailments. But it
is normally administered with anesthesia and muscle relaxants.
Without them it can be painful, terrifying and dangerous. Patients
can break jaws or crack vertebrae during the induced seizures. The
report quotes a 28-year-old patient at Bakirkoy Psychiatric Hospital
in Istanbul as saying, "I felt like dying."
The Health Ministry, which is responsible for psychiatric hospitals,
said it had not yet read the report and declined to comment, other
than to say that the director of the electroconvulsive therapy center
at Bakirkoy denied administering unmodified electroshocks there.
But on one day in April when the rights group's staff visited the
center, 24 people received such treatments, the report said.
Technicians at the center told the group that only patients who
had broken bones, presumably from previous treatments, were given
anesthesia.
The human rights group estimated that unmodified shock treatment was
used on nearly a third of patients undergoing psychiatric crises at
the government-run hospitals, including children as young as 9. The
treatment is also administered for many illnesses, like postpartum
depression, that are not generally considered by the international
psychiatric community to warrant electroshock.
The investigators also found that the treatment was used as
punishment. The report describes patients being dragged to electroshock
therapy in straitjackets and forcibly held down during the procedure.
"If we use anesthesia the E.C.T. won't be as effective, because
they won't feel punished," the report quotes the director of the
electroconvulsive therapy center as saying.
Referring to that statement, Eric Rosenthal, the founder of the rights
group, said in a telephone interview from Istanbul, "That was one
of most horrifying statements I've ever heard in 12 years of doing
this work."
Turkey has been criticized for using unmodified electroshock before.
In 1997 the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture called on
Turkey to stop the practice, and the Health Ministry promised to do so.
Now, the new report is likely to complicate Turkey's talks with the
European Union, because of the organization's strict human rights
requirements for membership.
"There's no question that what's described in the report counts as
torture under the European convention and shouldn't exist in Turkey
or anywhere in Europe," said Richard Howitt, a British member of
the European Parliament who sits on the joint European Union-Turkish
parliamentary committee.
He said he would bring up the report as part of the membership
negotiations, because to join, a nation must be judged to follow
democratic principles, respect human rights and be on its way to
meeting certain economic and institutional standards.
The report, which includes testimony from former patients and videos
taken inside some institutions, reported other abuses as well.
Much of the documented abuse took place in orphanages and
rehabilitation centers for children with developmental or intellectual
disabilities. Investigators saw emaciated and neglected children,
many of whom had behavioral problems that were likely to have
been the result of mistreatment rather than pre-existing illness,
Mr. Rosenthal said.
"We saw children who were essentially abandoned, starving, tied down to
their beds," he said, adding that investigators had not been allowed
to see the worst wards.
Photographs and videos taken at the Saray Rehabilitation Center,
the largest of Turkey's government-run rehabilitation centers, show
skeletal children, some with plastic water bottles taped over their
hands to prevent them from biting their fingers. Other children with
only minor disabilities are mixed in with the rest.
Although the center keeps no mortality records, a footnote in
the report notes that the large number of admissions without a
corresponding number of discharges suggests that many children die
at the center.
"We believe there's a very high death rate in these facilities," Mr.
Rosenthal said.
Officials at Turkey's Directorate for Social Services and Child
Protection could not be reached for comment.
The report said that there were no enforceable laws in Turkey to
protect mentally ill people from arbitrary detention or forced
treatment and that there were virtually no community services that
might keep them out of institutions. As a result, according to the
report, thousands are institutionalized for life.
Mr. Rosenthal founded Mental Disability Rights International in 1993.
It now has a staff of nine people, including one in Turkey.
Massacres of Armenians Recalled
STRASBOURG, France, Sept. 28 (Reuters) - The European Parliament gave
only a grudging blessing on Wednesday to membership talks with Turkey
starting next week and said Ankara must recognize the massacres of
Armenians during the years around 1915 as genocide before it can join
the Euopean Union.
The resolution, which is nonbinding, was a political slap for Turkey,
which insists that the killings, carried out by the Ottoman Empire,
did not constitute genocide.