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Washington Post
Sept 30 2005
In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and History
Exhibit Marking Anniversary of Istanbul Pogrom Breaks Taboos and
Kindles Anger
By Karl Vick
Washington Post Foreign Service
Friday, September 30, 2005; Page A15
ISTANBUL -- The exhibit opened 50 years to the day after the mayhem
it chronicled in the cobblestone street right outside the gallery.
Captured on black-and-white glossies was a modern-day pogrom, a
massive, state-sponsored assault on a foreign community that awoke on
the morning of Sept. 6, 1955, still feeling safe in Istanbul. By
sunset a day later, a mob of perhaps 100,000 Turks had attacked
foreigners' homes, schools and churches, and filled whole streets
with the contents of the ruined shops that lined them. In the
aftermath of the attack, a city for centuries renowned for its
diversity steadily purged itself of almost everyone who could not
claim to be Turkish.
Photo: A visitor looks at photographs at an exhibit in Istanbul a day
after it was attacked by Turkish nationalists. (By Murad Sezer --
Associated Press)
The exhibit at Karsi Artworks attempts to confront that history,
dubbed the Events of Sept. 6-7, in the era before "ethnic cleansing"
entered the popular lexicon. But when ultranationalist thugs swarmed
into the gallery on opening night -- throwing eggs, tearing down
photos and chanting "Love it or leave it!" -- the question became
whether it really is history at all.
"Just like what happened 50 years ago," said Mahmut Erol Celik, a
retired civil servant emerging from the defaced exhibit. "It's the
same mentality. That's what's so embarrassing."
Appearances have lately counted for a lot in Turkey. Under intense
international scrutiny, its government hopes to begin negotiations
Oct. 3 that should conclude with Turkey as a member of the European
Union. Even if the process takes 15 years, as many predict, the
result would apparently fulfill an ambition such as that which drove
modern Turkey's founder, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who preached that the
country's future lay firmly with the West.
But questions arise almost daily about whether either side wants to
proceed. Europe's mixed feelings about absorbing Turkey's large, poor
and overwhelmingly Muslim population are well known. But Turkey
harbors its own ambivalence, apparently rooted in the recurring
question of how much the country cares about the world beyond its own
borders.
That question came up again this month, when a Turkish court made
headlines by barring a handful of scholars from gathering to discuss
the deaths in 1915 of perhaps a million ethnic Armenians, in
circumstances that Armenia and many independent scholars describe as
genocide but Turkey calls the consequences of war.
The disagreement has poisoned relations between the neighboring
nations for decades with an obsessiveness that overtakes Turkish
efforts to appear poised. This summer, readers of Time magazine's
international edition found a DVD tucked into a four-page ad for
Turkish tourism. The disc included 13 minutes of commercials and an
hour-long propaganda film accusing Armenians of slaughtering Turks.
"It's not a polemic," said a spokeswoman for the Ankara Chamber of
Commerce, which paid for the disorienting mix of polished commercials
and grainy footage of dead bodies. "We just wanted to position Turkey
on this issue."
Last May, the prospect of scholars gathering for an independent
assessment of the controversy brought a chilling warning from
Turkey's justice minister, who called them "traitors." After
objections from the E.U., the scrapped conference was rescheduled and
was finally held this month, but not without an accompanying
demonstration by Turkish nationalists. Also this month, a prosecutor
filed charges against Orhan Pamuk, the country's most acclaimed
novelist, for observing that the Armenian issue was off-limits in the
country.
"There is no other country which harms its own interests this much,"
Foreign Minister Abdullah Gul said.
But then few other countries are so nationalistic. Turks are raised
to believe that Turkey is surrounded by enemies and can rely only on
itself. The unitary notion of the state views all citizens as ethnic
Turks and regards any other presence as a dire threat.
So there was deep concern in official circles this month when Pope
Benedict XVI made plans to travel to Istanbul at the invitation of
Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, the ethnic Greek who serves as
spiritual leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox Christians. The
Orthodox patriarchy remained in Istanbul, then called Constantinople,
after the city was overtaken by Muslims half a millennium ago. But
modern Turkey still refuses to acknowledge the patriarch's authority
and hastened to issue its own official invitation to the pope, who
obliged by postponing his trip.
To cultivate Europe, the government also invited Catholic, Orthodox,
Jewish, Assyrian Christian and Muslim leaders to an ecumenical
conference due to conclude four days before the crucial opening of
the prospective E.U. negotiations, which one analyst predicted will
be "contentious."
A visitor looks at photographs at an exhibit in Istanbul a day after
it was attacked by Turkish nationalists. (By Murad Sezer --
Associated Press)
Who's Blogging?
Read what bloggers are saying about this article.
Turkish Digest
Full List of Blogs (1 links) »
"When a country is embarking on a major negotiation process, when
it's trying to eradicate old taboos and embrace modern norms, you
usually do that in the name of nation-building," said Katinka
Barysch, an analyst at the London-based Center for European Reform.
"As Turkey embarks on this, it invokes nationalism. Which doesn't sit
very well with the E.U. process."
So far, E.U. officials have been quick to label the prosecutions,
court rulings and other embarrassments as transparent provocations
intended to sabotage Turkey's image. But each also reflects a debate
within Turkish society that was on plain view in the lobby of the
Karsi gallery the day after the thugs trashed it.
Two visitors were recalling the 1955 attacks from memory.
"I was in the street that day and I remember very clearly," said
Mehmet Ali Zeren, 70. "In a jewelry store, one guy had a hammer and
he was breaking pearls one by one."
Celik, the retired bureaucrat, called the attack a stain on Turkish
history, comparable to the infamous "wealth tax" that was enforced
only against foreigners. "Therefore Istanbul lost many things," he
said. "It lost most of its beauty."
"Why are you all speaking English here?" asked an agitated man,
overhearing an American reporter's questions. He carried a bound
volume of Ataturk's speeches and pointed angrily to a photo caption
on the wall that identified leaders of the pictured mob as
provocateurs.
"Shame on you!" he said. "These are our lands! A man holding a
Turkish flag cannot be called a provocateur!"
Can San and other officials from the History Foundation, a co-sponsor
of the exhibit, answered the man's complaints, then watched him leave
through the exit the thugs had poured through the night before while
chanting their slogans.
"But," San noted, "the public in the street did not join them."
From: Baghdasarian
Sept 30 2005
In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and History
Exhibit Marking Anniversary of Istanbul Pogrom Breaks Taboos and
Kindles Anger
By Karl Vick
Washington Post Foreign Service
Friday, September 30, 2005; Page A15
ISTANBUL -- The exhibit opened 50 years to the day after the mayhem
it chronicled in the cobblestone street right outside the gallery.
Captured on black-and-white glossies was a modern-day pogrom, a
massive, state-sponsored assault on a foreign community that awoke on
the morning of Sept. 6, 1955, still feeling safe in Istanbul. By
sunset a day later, a mob of perhaps 100,000 Turks had attacked
foreigners' homes, schools and churches, and filled whole streets
with the contents of the ruined shops that lined them. In the
aftermath of the attack, a city for centuries renowned for its
diversity steadily purged itself of almost everyone who could not
claim to be Turkish.
Photo: A visitor looks at photographs at an exhibit in Istanbul a day
after it was attacked by Turkish nationalists. (By Murad Sezer --
Associated Press)
The exhibit at Karsi Artworks attempts to confront that history,
dubbed the Events of Sept. 6-7, in the era before "ethnic cleansing"
entered the popular lexicon. But when ultranationalist thugs swarmed
into the gallery on opening night -- throwing eggs, tearing down
photos and chanting "Love it or leave it!" -- the question became
whether it really is history at all.
"Just like what happened 50 years ago," said Mahmut Erol Celik, a
retired civil servant emerging from the defaced exhibit. "It's the
same mentality. That's what's so embarrassing."
Appearances have lately counted for a lot in Turkey. Under intense
international scrutiny, its government hopes to begin negotiations
Oct. 3 that should conclude with Turkey as a member of the European
Union. Even if the process takes 15 years, as many predict, the
result would apparently fulfill an ambition such as that which drove
modern Turkey's founder, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who preached that the
country's future lay firmly with the West.
But questions arise almost daily about whether either side wants to
proceed. Europe's mixed feelings about absorbing Turkey's large, poor
and overwhelmingly Muslim population are well known. But Turkey
harbors its own ambivalence, apparently rooted in the recurring
question of how much the country cares about the world beyond its own
borders.
That question came up again this month, when a Turkish court made
headlines by barring a handful of scholars from gathering to discuss
the deaths in 1915 of perhaps a million ethnic Armenians, in
circumstances that Armenia and many independent scholars describe as
genocide but Turkey calls the consequences of war.
The disagreement has poisoned relations between the neighboring
nations for decades with an obsessiveness that overtakes Turkish
efforts to appear poised. This summer, readers of Time magazine's
international edition found a DVD tucked into a four-page ad for
Turkish tourism. The disc included 13 minutes of commercials and an
hour-long propaganda film accusing Armenians of slaughtering Turks.
"It's not a polemic," said a spokeswoman for the Ankara Chamber of
Commerce, which paid for the disorienting mix of polished commercials
and grainy footage of dead bodies. "We just wanted to position Turkey
on this issue."
Last May, the prospect of scholars gathering for an independent
assessment of the controversy brought a chilling warning from
Turkey's justice minister, who called them "traitors." After
objections from the E.U., the scrapped conference was rescheduled and
was finally held this month, but not without an accompanying
demonstration by Turkish nationalists. Also this month, a prosecutor
filed charges against Orhan Pamuk, the country's most acclaimed
novelist, for observing that the Armenian issue was off-limits in the
country.
"There is no other country which harms its own interests this much,"
Foreign Minister Abdullah Gul said.
But then few other countries are so nationalistic. Turks are raised
to believe that Turkey is surrounded by enemies and can rely only on
itself. The unitary notion of the state views all citizens as ethnic
Turks and regards any other presence as a dire threat.
So there was deep concern in official circles this month when Pope
Benedict XVI made plans to travel to Istanbul at the invitation of
Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, the ethnic Greek who serves as
spiritual leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox Christians. The
Orthodox patriarchy remained in Istanbul, then called Constantinople,
after the city was overtaken by Muslims half a millennium ago. But
modern Turkey still refuses to acknowledge the patriarch's authority
and hastened to issue its own official invitation to the pope, who
obliged by postponing his trip.
To cultivate Europe, the government also invited Catholic, Orthodox,
Jewish, Assyrian Christian and Muslim leaders to an ecumenical
conference due to conclude four days before the crucial opening of
the prospective E.U. negotiations, which one analyst predicted will
be "contentious."
A visitor looks at photographs at an exhibit in Istanbul a day after
it was attacked by Turkish nationalists. (By Murad Sezer --
Associated Press)
Who's Blogging?
Read what bloggers are saying about this article.
Turkish Digest
Full List of Blogs (1 links) »
"When a country is embarking on a major negotiation process, when
it's trying to eradicate old taboos and embrace modern norms, you
usually do that in the name of nation-building," said Katinka
Barysch, an analyst at the London-based Center for European Reform.
"As Turkey embarks on this, it invokes nationalism. Which doesn't sit
very well with the E.U. process."
So far, E.U. officials have been quick to label the prosecutions,
court rulings and other embarrassments as transparent provocations
intended to sabotage Turkey's image. But each also reflects a debate
within Turkish society that was on plain view in the lobby of the
Karsi gallery the day after the thugs trashed it.
Two visitors were recalling the 1955 attacks from memory.
"I was in the street that day and I remember very clearly," said
Mehmet Ali Zeren, 70. "In a jewelry store, one guy had a hammer and
he was breaking pearls one by one."
Celik, the retired bureaucrat, called the attack a stain on Turkish
history, comparable to the infamous "wealth tax" that was enforced
only against foreigners. "Therefore Istanbul lost many things," he
said. "It lost most of its beauty."
"Why are you all speaking English here?" asked an agitated man,
overhearing an American reporter's questions. He carried a bound
volume of Ataturk's speeches and pointed angrily to a photo caption
on the wall that identified leaders of the pictured mob as
provocateurs.
"Shame on you!" he said. "These are our lands! A man holding a
Turkish flag cannot be called a provocateur!"
Can San and other officials from the History Foundation, a co-sponsor
of the exhibit, answered the man's complaints, then watched him leave
through the exit the thugs had poured through the night before while
chanting their slogans.
"But," San noted, "the public in the street did not join them."
From: Baghdasarian