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Institute for War and Peace Reporting
Caucasus Reporting Service
Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes
IWPR reporter confirms that there is nothing left of the celebrated stone
crosses of Jugha.
By IWPR staff in Nakhichevan, Baku and Yerevan (CRS No. 336, 19-Apr-06)
Jugha Cemetery (13th-16th centuries)
Photographs from 1970s and 2006
View more...
It has become one of the most bitterly divisive issues in the Caucasus
- but up until now no one has been able to clear up the mystery
surrounding the fate of the famous medieval Christian cemetery of
Jugha in Azerbaijan.
The cemetery was regarded by Armenians as the biggest and most
precious repository of medieval headstones marked with crosses -
the Armenians call them "khachkars" - of which more than 2,000 were
still there in the late Eighties. Each elaborately carved tombstone
was a masterpiece of carving.
Armenians have said that the cemetery has been razed, comparing its
destruction to the demolition of two giant Buddha figures by the
Taleban in Afghanistan. Azerbaijan has hit back by accusing Armenia
of scaremongering, and of destroying Azerbaijani monuments on its
own territory.
Now an IWPR contributor has become the first journalist to visit
the site of the cemetery on Azerbaijan's border with Iran - and has
confirmed that the graveyard has completely vanished.
The European Parliament, UNESCO and Britain's House of Lords have
all taken an interest in the fate of the Jugha cemetery. A European
Parliament delegation is currently visiting the South Caucasus. But
so far none has been allowed to visit the site itself.
If international observers can confirm that the cemetery has been
razed, it is sure to spark a new high-voltage row between the two
countries, which have engaged in a bitter war of allegation and
counter-allegation since fighting ended in the Nagorny Karabkah
conflict in 1994.
The IWPR contributor was accompanied by two Azerbaijani security
service officers and was restricted in his movements. He was unable to
go right down to the River Araxes, the site of the former cemetery,
as it lies in a protected border zone. However, he was able to see
clearly that there was no cemetery there, merely bare ground. Nor
was there, as some Armenians have claimed, a military training ground.
He did manage to see a 20th century cemetery with Armenian tombstones
that lay untouched in a nearby village.
This is one of the most inaccessible parts of Europe, located in the
Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhichevan, which is surrounded by Armenia and
Iran and - because of the unresolved Armenian-Azerbaijani dispute -
is only accessible from the rest of Azerbaijan by air.
Old Julfa, or Jugha as it is known by the Armenians, sits on the
northern bank of the River Araxes which divides Nakhichevan from Iran.
According to Armenian and other historians, Julfa was a flourishing
Armenian town in the Middle Ages. But in 1604, Shah Abbas of Persia
forcibly resettled the inhabitants to Isfahan, where to this day
there is still an Armenian quarter known as New Julfa.
The ruined town and its cemetery remained, and were visited by a
number of travellers over the years. British Orientalist Sir William
Ouseley arrived in July 1812 and found "a city now in perfect decay",
and the remains of what had been one of the most famous stone bridges
in the world.
He wrote, "I examined the principal remains of Julfa, where 45
Armenian families, apparently of the lowest class, constituted the
entire population.
"But of its former inhabitants, the multiplicity was sufficiently
evinced by the ample and crowded cemetery, situated on a bank
sloping towards the river, and covered with numerous rows of upright
tombstones, which when viewed at a little distance, resembled a
concourse of people or rather regiments of troops drawn up in close
order."
Historian Argam Aivazian, the principal expert on the Armenian
monuments of Nakhichevan, said that Jugha was a unique monument of
medieval art and the largest Armenian cemetery in existence. There
were unique tombstones shaped like rams, a church and the remains
of a massive stone bridge. Nowhere else in the world, he said, was
there such a big concentration of thousands of khachkars in one place.
Aivazian last visited the site in 1987, when it was still mostly
intact, despite its poor upkeep during the Soviet period.
Artist Lusik Aguletsi, a Nakhichevan-born Armenian, also last visited
the cemetery in 1987, although she was under escort.
"There is nothing like it in Armenia," she said. "It was a thrilling
sight. Two hills completely covered in khachkars. We weren't allowed
to draw or photograph them."
Armenian experts now accuse Azerbaijan of a deliberate act of cultural
vandalism.
"The destruction of the khachkars of Old Jugha means the destruction
of an entire phenomenon in the history of humanity, because they are
not only proof of the culture of the people who created them, they
are also symbols that tell us about a particular cultural epoch,"
said Hranush Kharatian, head of the Armenian government's department
for national and religious minorities.
"On the entire territory of Nakhichevan there existed 27,000
monasteries, churches, khachkars, tombstones and other Armenian
monuments," said Aivazian. "Today they have all been destroyed."
Although the historical provenance of the cemetery is disputed
in Azerbaijan, its cultural importance is confirmed by the 1986
Azerbaijani book "The Architecture of Ancient and Early Medieval
Azerbaijan" by Davud Akhundov, which contains several photographs of
the cross-stones of Jugha.
In Akhundov's book, the stones are said to be of Caucasian Albanian
origin, in line with the official theory taught in Azerbaijan that
the Christian monuments there are the work not of Armenians, but of
the Albanians. The Caucasian Albanians - a people unconnected with
Albania - lived in the south-eastern Caucasus but their culture began
to die out in the Middle Ages.
Nowadays, there is a village of some 500 inhabitants known as Gulistan
near where the cemetery used to lie. The climate is harsh and dry
and the houses are mostly built of wattle and daub and stones from
the river.
The local inhabitants are tight-lipped, denying there was ever an
Armenian cemetery here
"In some parts of Julfa there are historic Christian cemeteries,
but they are monuments of Caucasian Albania and have nothing to do
with Armenians," said political scientist Zaur Ibragimli, who lives
in Julfa.
He added that there is a large Armenian cemetery and church, still
preserved, near the village of Salkhangaya.
Husein Shukuraliev, editor of the Julfa local newspaper Voice of
Araxes said the destruction of the cemetery began as early as 1828,
when Azerbaijan became part of the Russian empire. Thousands of
tombstones were then destroyed at the turn of the 20th century when
a railway was constructed, he said.
Safar Ashurov, a scholar with Azerbaijan's Institute of Archaeology
and Ethnography disputed that the cemetery was Armenian, calling the
ram shapes an "element of exclusively Turkish Muslim grave art".
However, two other witnesses told IWPR that there has been more recent
destruction of the cemetery - though it may have started much further
back than Armenians allege.
A man named Intigam who works repairing tin cans in Baku said he was
posted in Julfa with the Soviet army in 1988-89. At the end of 1989,
the radical Azerbaijani nationalist politician Nemat Panahov dismantled
the border-posts on Nakhichevan's border with Iran. Intigam said that
part of the Julfa cemetery was destroyed at that time.
Panakhov himself declined to comment when contacted by IWPR, saying,
"Journalists always deceive me, and I don't want anything more to do
with them."
A second witness, who asked for his name not to be given, said that
there were khachkar stones on the site up until 2002, but they were
then removed on the orders of the Nakhichevan military command.
An Armenian architect, Arpiar Petrossian, told IWPR he visited the
Iranian side of the border in 1998 with a friend in order to look
at the monuments on that side. They also viewed the remains of the
bridge. Looking across the river into Azerbaijan, he said, they
noticed a flat-bed train apparently removing the cross-stones from
the cemetery.
Armenian deputy culture minister Gagik Gyurdjian said his government
raised the alarm in 1998.
"Then we got the entire international community up in arms and stopped
the destruction," he told IWPR. "But in 2003 the destruction started
again. Many khachkars were buried under the earth, and the rest were
destroyed and thrown into the Araxes."
In the last few months, the propaganda war over Jugha has reached
a new intensity - just as the latest round of Karabakh peace talks
between presidents Ilham Aliev and Robert Kocharian, held in February,
ran into trouble.
Azerbaijani president Aliev angrily denied Armenian allegations
about the Jugha cemetery last week, saying the claims were "a lie
and a provocation".
International institutions are now demanding to be allowed to visit
the site of the cemetery. The European Parliament passed a resolution
in February condemning the destruction of the cemetery.
However, Azerbaijan said it would only accept a European parliamentary
delegation if it visited Armenian-controlled territory as well. Around
one seventh of what is internationally recognised as Azerbaijani
territory has been under Armenian control since the end of the
Karabakh conflict.
"We think that if a comprehensive approach is taken to the problems
that have been raised, it will be possible to study Christian monuments
on the territory of Azerbaijan, including in the Nakhichevan Autonomous
Republic," said Azerbaijani foreign ministry spokesman Tahir Tagizade.
The Azerbaijani foreign ministry says old Muslim monuments have
disappeared from Armenia. In a statement, it said that at least
1,587 mosques and 23 madrassas had been destroyed in what was once
the Muslim-governed Yerevan Khanate - now part of Armenia. In the
Zangezur and Echmiadzin areas alone, more than 830 mosques have been
demolished, it said, adding that more than 500 Muslim cemeteries
have been destroyed within the territory of Armenia. The statement
did not specify when this destruction occurred.
Avetik Ishkhanian, president of Armenia's Helsinki Committee, blames
the international community for not reacting sooner to the razing
of Jugha, contrasting the response with the outcry that followed the
Taleban's demolition of the Buddhas of Bamian in 2001.
"Why has there not been the same reaction in this case?" asked
Ishkhanian. "At that time, world public attention was directed against
the Taleban regime, and this act of barbarism was used as a propaganda
weapon to launch military action against them."
Reporting by Idrak Abbasov in Nakhichevan; Shahin Rzayev and Jasur
Mamedov in Baku; and Seda Muradian, Narine Avetian and Karine
Ter-Sahakian in Yerevan.
Caucasus Reporting Service
Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes
IWPR reporter confirms that there is nothing left of the celebrated stone
crosses of Jugha.
By IWPR staff in Nakhichevan, Baku and Yerevan (CRS No. 336, 19-Apr-06)
Jugha Cemetery (13th-16th centuries)
Photographs from 1970s and 2006
View more...
It has become one of the most bitterly divisive issues in the Caucasus
- but up until now no one has been able to clear up the mystery
surrounding the fate of the famous medieval Christian cemetery of
Jugha in Azerbaijan.
The cemetery was regarded by Armenians as the biggest and most
precious repository of medieval headstones marked with crosses -
the Armenians call them "khachkars" - of which more than 2,000 were
still there in the late Eighties. Each elaborately carved tombstone
was a masterpiece of carving.
Armenians have said that the cemetery has been razed, comparing its
destruction to the demolition of two giant Buddha figures by the
Taleban in Afghanistan. Azerbaijan has hit back by accusing Armenia
of scaremongering, and of destroying Azerbaijani monuments on its
own territory.
Now an IWPR contributor has become the first journalist to visit
the site of the cemetery on Azerbaijan's border with Iran - and has
confirmed that the graveyard has completely vanished.
The European Parliament, UNESCO and Britain's House of Lords have
all taken an interest in the fate of the Jugha cemetery. A European
Parliament delegation is currently visiting the South Caucasus. But
so far none has been allowed to visit the site itself.
If international observers can confirm that the cemetery has been
razed, it is sure to spark a new high-voltage row between the two
countries, which have engaged in a bitter war of allegation and
counter-allegation since fighting ended in the Nagorny Karabkah
conflict in 1994.
The IWPR contributor was accompanied by two Azerbaijani security
service officers and was restricted in his movements. He was unable to
go right down to the River Araxes, the site of the former cemetery,
as it lies in a protected border zone. However, he was able to see
clearly that there was no cemetery there, merely bare ground. Nor
was there, as some Armenians have claimed, a military training ground.
He did manage to see a 20th century cemetery with Armenian tombstones
that lay untouched in a nearby village.
This is one of the most inaccessible parts of Europe, located in the
Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhichevan, which is surrounded by Armenia and
Iran and - because of the unresolved Armenian-Azerbaijani dispute -
is only accessible from the rest of Azerbaijan by air.
Old Julfa, or Jugha as it is known by the Armenians, sits on the
northern bank of the River Araxes which divides Nakhichevan from Iran.
According to Armenian and other historians, Julfa was a flourishing
Armenian town in the Middle Ages. But in 1604, Shah Abbas of Persia
forcibly resettled the inhabitants to Isfahan, where to this day
there is still an Armenian quarter known as New Julfa.
The ruined town and its cemetery remained, and were visited by a
number of travellers over the years. British Orientalist Sir William
Ouseley arrived in July 1812 and found "a city now in perfect decay",
and the remains of what had been one of the most famous stone bridges
in the world.
He wrote, "I examined the principal remains of Julfa, where 45
Armenian families, apparently of the lowest class, constituted the
entire population.
"But of its former inhabitants, the multiplicity was sufficiently
evinced by the ample and crowded cemetery, situated on a bank
sloping towards the river, and covered with numerous rows of upright
tombstones, which when viewed at a little distance, resembled a
concourse of people or rather regiments of troops drawn up in close
order."
Historian Argam Aivazian, the principal expert on the Armenian
monuments of Nakhichevan, said that Jugha was a unique monument of
medieval art and the largest Armenian cemetery in existence. There
were unique tombstones shaped like rams, a church and the remains
of a massive stone bridge. Nowhere else in the world, he said, was
there such a big concentration of thousands of khachkars in one place.
Aivazian last visited the site in 1987, when it was still mostly
intact, despite its poor upkeep during the Soviet period.
Artist Lusik Aguletsi, a Nakhichevan-born Armenian, also last visited
the cemetery in 1987, although she was under escort.
"There is nothing like it in Armenia," she said. "It was a thrilling
sight. Two hills completely covered in khachkars. We weren't allowed
to draw or photograph them."
Armenian experts now accuse Azerbaijan of a deliberate act of cultural
vandalism.
"The destruction of the khachkars of Old Jugha means the destruction
of an entire phenomenon in the history of humanity, because they are
not only proof of the culture of the people who created them, they
are also symbols that tell us about a particular cultural epoch,"
said Hranush Kharatian, head of the Armenian government's department
for national and religious minorities.
"On the entire territory of Nakhichevan there existed 27,000
monasteries, churches, khachkars, tombstones and other Armenian
monuments," said Aivazian. "Today they have all been destroyed."
Although the historical provenance of the cemetery is disputed
in Azerbaijan, its cultural importance is confirmed by the 1986
Azerbaijani book "The Architecture of Ancient and Early Medieval
Azerbaijan" by Davud Akhundov, which contains several photographs of
the cross-stones of Jugha.
In Akhundov's book, the stones are said to be of Caucasian Albanian
origin, in line with the official theory taught in Azerbaijan that
the Christian monuments there are the work not of Armenians, but of
the Albanians. The Caucasian Albanians - a people unconnected with
Albania - lived in the south-eastern Caucasus but their culture began
to die out in the Middle Ages.
Nowadays, there is a village of some 500 inhabitants known as Gulistan
near where the cemetery used to lie. The climate is harsh and dry
and the houses are mostly built of wattle and daub and stones from
the river.
The local inhabitants are tight-lipped, denying there was ever an
Armenian cemetery here
"In some parts of Julfa there are historic Christian cemeteries,
but they are monuments of Caucasian Albania and have nothing to do
with Armenians," said political scientist Zaur Ibragimli, who lives
in Julfa.
He added that there is a large Armenian cemetery and church, still
preserved, near the village of Salkhangaya.
Husein Shukuraliev, editor of the Julfa local newspaper Voice of
Araxes said the destruction of the cemetery began as early as 1828,
when Azerbaijan became part of the Russian empire. Thousands of
tombstones were then destroyed at the turn of the 20th century when
a railway was constructed, he said.
Safar Ashurov, a scholar with Azerbaijan's Institute of Archaeology
and Ethnography disputed that the cemetery was Armenian, calling the
ram shapes an "element of exclusively Turkish Muslim grave art".
However, two other witnesses told IWPR that there has been more recent
destruction of the cemetery - though it may have started much further
back than Armenians allege.
A man named Intigam who works repairing tin cans in Baku said he was
posted in Julfa with the Soviet army in 1988-89. At the end of 1989,
the radical Azerbaijani nationalist politician Nemat Panahov dismantled
the border-posts on Nakhichevan's border with Iran. Intigam said that
part of the Julfa cemetery was destroyed at that time.
Panakhov himself declined to comment when contacted by IWPR, saying,
"Journalists always deceive me, and I don't want anything more to do
with them."
A second witness, who asked for his name not to be given, said that
there were khachkar stones on the site up until 2002, but they were
then removed on the orders of the Nakhichevan military command.
An Armenian architect, Arpiar Petrossian, told IWPR he visited the
Iranian side of the border in 1998 with a friend in order to look
at the monuments on that side. They also viewed the remains of the
bridge. Looking across the river into Azerbaijan, he said, they
noticed a flat-bed train apparently removing the cross-stones from
the cemetery.
Armenian deputy culture minister Gagik Gyurdjian said his government
raised the alarm in 1998.
"Then we got the entire international community up in arms and stopped
the destruction," he told IWPR. "But in 2003 the destruction started
again. Many khachkars were buried under the earth, and the rest were
destroyed and thrown into the Araxes."
In the last few months, the propaganda war over Jugha has reached
a new intensity - just as the latest round of Karabakh peace talks
between presidents Ilham Aliev and Robert Kocharian, held in February,
ran into trouble.
Azerbaijani president Aliev angrily denied Armenian allegations
about the Jugha cemetery last week, saying the claims were "a lie
and a provocation".
International institutions are now demanding to be allowed to visit
the site of the cemetery. The European Parliament passed a resolution
in February condemning the destruction of the cemetery.
However, Azerbaijan said it would only accept a European parliamentary
delegation if it visited Armenian-controlled territory as well. Around
one seventh of what is internationally recognised as Azerbaijani
territory has been under Armenian control since the end of the
Karabakh conflict.
"We think that if a comprehensive approach is taken to the problems
that have been raised, it will be possible to study Christian monuments
on the territory of Azerbaijan, including in the Nakhichevan Autonomous
Republic," said Azerbaijani foreign ministry spokesman Tahir Tagizade.
The Azerbaijani foreign ministry says old Muslim monuments have
disappeared from Armenia. In a statement, it said that at least
1,587 mosques and 23 madrassas had been destroyed in what was once
the Muslim-governed Yerevan Khanate - now part of Armenia. In the
Zangezur and Echmiadzin areas alone, more than 830 mosques have been
demolished, it said, adding that more than 500 Muslim cemeteries
have been destroyed within the territory of Armenia. The statement
did not specify when this destruction occurred.
Avetik Ishkhanian, president of Armenia's Helsinki Committee, blames
the international community for not reacting sooner to the razing
of Jugha, contrasting the response with the outcry that followed the
Taleban's demolition of the Buddhas of Bamian in 2001.
"Why has there not been the same reaction in this case?" asked
Ishkhanian. "At that time, world public attention was directed against
the Taleban regime, and this act of barbarism was used as a propaganda
weapon to launch military action against them."
Reporting by Idrak Abbasov in Nakhichevan; Shahin Rzayev and Jasur
Mamedov in Baku; and Seda Muradian, Narine Avetian and Karine
Ter-Sahakian in Yerevan.