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KNOW IT ALL Can Wikipedia conquer expertise?
The New Yorker
July 24, 2006
By STACY SCHIFF
On March 1st, Wikipedia, the online interactive encyclopedia, hit
the million-articles mark, with an entry on Jordanhill, a railway
station in suburban Glasgow. Its author, Ewan MacDonald, posted a
single sentence about the station at 11 P.M., local time; over the
next twenty-four hours, the entry was edited more than four hundred
times, by dozens of people. (Jordanhill happens to be the "1029th
busiest station in the United Kingdom"; it "no longer has a staffed
ticket counter.") The Encyclopædia Britannica, which for more than
two centuries has been considered the gold standard for reference
works, has only a hundred and twenty thousand entries in its most
comprehensive edition. Apparently, no traditional encyclopedia has ever
suspected that someone might wonder about Sudoku or about prostitution
in China. Or, for that matter, about Capgras delusion (the unnerving
sensation that an impostor is sitting in for a close relative),
the Boston molasses disaster, the Rhinoceros Party of Canada, Bill
Gates's house, the forty-five-minute Anglo-Zanzibar War, or Islam
in Iceland. Wikipedia includes fine entries on Kafka and the War of
the Spanish Succession, and also a complete guide to the ships of the
U.S. Navy, a definition of Philadelphia cheesesteak, a masterly page on
Scrabble, a list of historical cats (celebrity cats, a cat millionaire,
the first feline to circumnavigate Australia), a survey of invented
expletives in fiction ("bippie," "cakesniffer," "furgle"), instructions
for curing hiccups, and an article that describes, with schematic
diagrams, how to build a stove from a discarded soda can. The how-to
entries represent territory that the encyclopedia has not claimed since
the eighteenth century. You could cure a toothache or make snowshoes
using the original Britannica, of 1768-71. (You could also imbibe a lot
of prejudice and superstition. The entry on Woman was just six words:
"The female of man. See HOMO.") If you look up "coffee preparation"
on Wikipedia, you will find your way, via the entry on Espresso, to
a piece on types of espresso machines, which you will want to consult
before buying. There is also a page on the site dedicated to "Errors
in the Encyclopædia Britannica that have been corrected in Wikipedia"
(Stalin's birth date, the true inventor of the safety razor).
Because there are no physical limits on its size, Wikipedia can aspire
to be all-inclusive. It is also perfectly configured to be current:
there are detailed entries for each of the twelve finalists on this
season's "American Idol," and the article on the "2006 Israel-Lebanon
Conflict" has been edited more than four thousand times since it was
created, on July 12th, six hours after Hezbollah militants ignited
the hostilities by kidnapping two Israeli soldiers. Wikipedia, which
was launched in 2001, is now the seventeenth-most-popular site on the
Internet, generating more traffic daily than MSNBC.com and the online
versions of the Times and the Wall Street Journal combined. The number
of visitors has been doubling every four months; the site receives as
many as fourteen thousand hits per second. Wikipedia functions as a
filter for vast amounts of information online, and it could be said
that Google owes the site for tidying up the neighborhood. But the
search engine is amply repaying its debt: because Wikipedia pages
contain so many links to other entries on the site, and are so
frequently updated, they enjoy an enviably high page rank.
The site has achieved this prominence largely without paid staff or
revenue. It has five employees in addition to Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's
thirty-nine-year-old founder, and it carries no advertising. In 2003,
Wikipedia became a nonprofit organization; it meets most of its budget,
of seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars, with donations, the bulk
of them contributions of twenty dollars or less. Wales says that he is
on a mission to "distribute a free encyclopedia to every single person
on the planet in their own language," and to an astonishing degree he
is succeeding. Anyone with Internet access can create a Wikipedia entry
or edit an existing one. The site currently exists in more than two
hundred languages and has hundreds of thousands of contributors around
the world. Wales is at the forefront of a revolution in knowledge
gathering: he has marshalled an army of volunteers who believe that,
working collaboratively, they can produce an encyclopedia that is as
good as any written by experts, and with an unprecedented range.
Wikipedia is an online community devoted not to last night's party
or to next season's iPod but to a higher good. It is also no more
immune to human nature than any other utopian project. Pettiness,
idiocy, and vulgarity are regular features of the site. Nothing
about high-minded collaboration guarantees accuracy, and open editing
invites abuse. Senators and congressmen have been caught tampering
with their entries; the entire House of Representatives has been
banned from Wikipedia several times. (It is not subtle to change
Senator Robert Byrd's age from eighty-eight to a hundred and eighty.
It is subtler to sanitize one's voting record in order to distance
oneself from an unpopular President, or to delete broken campaign
promises.) Curiously, though, mob rule has not led to chaos.
Wikipedia, which began as an experiment in unfettered democracy,
has sprouted policies and procedures. At the same time, the site
embodies our newly casual relationship to truth. When confronted with
evidence of errors or bias, Wikipedians invoke a favorite excuse:
look how often the mainstream media, and the traditional encyclopedia,
are wrong! As defenses go, this is the epistemological equivalent of
"But Johnny jumped off the bridge first." Wikipedia, though, is only
five years old. One day, it may grow up.
The encyclopedic impulse dates back more than two thousand years
and has rarely balked at national borders. Among the first general
reference works was Emperor's Mirror, commissioned in 220 A.D. by a
Chinese emperor, for use by civil servants. The quest to catalogue
all human knowledge accelerated in the eighteenth century. In
the seventeen-seventies, the Germans, champions of thoroughness,
began assembling a two-hundred-and-forty-two-volume masterwork. A
few decades earlier, Johann Heinrich Zedler, a Leipzig bookseller,
had alarmed local competitors when he solicited articles for his
Universal-Lexicon. His rivals, fearing that the work would put them out
of business by rendering all other books obsolete, tried unsuccessfully
to sabotage the project.
It took a devious Frenchman, Pierre Bayle, to conceive of an
encyclopedia composed solely of errors. After the idea failed
to generate much enthusiasm among potential readers, he instead
compiled a "Dictionnaire Historique et Critique," which consisted
almost entirely of footnotes, many highlighting flaws of earlier
scholarship. Bayle taught readers to doubt, a lesson in subversion that
Diderot and d'Alembert, the authors of the Encyclopedie (1751-80),
learned well. Their thirty-five-volume work preached rationalism at
the expense of church and state. The more stolid Britannica was born
of cross-channel rivalry and an Anglo-Saxon passion for utility.
Wales's first encyclopedia was the World Book, which his parents
acquired after dinner one evening in 1969, from a door-to-door
salesman. Wales-who resembles a young Billy Crystal with the
neuroses neatly tucked in-recalls the enchantment of pasting in
update stickers that cross-referenced older entries to the annual
supplements. Wales's mother and grandmother ran a private school
in Huntsville, Alabama, which he attended from the age of three. He
graduated from Auburn University with a degree in finance and began
a Ph.D. in the subject, enrolling first at the University of Alabama
and later at Indiana University. In 1994, he decided to take a job
trading options in Chicago rather than write his dissertation. Four
years later, he moved to San Diego, where he used his savings to found
an Internet portal. Its audience was mostly men; pornography-videos
and blogs-accounted for about a tenth of its revenues. Meanwhile,
Wales was cogitating. In his view, misinformation, propaganda, and
ignorance are responsible for many of the world's ills. "I'm very
much an Enlightenment kind of guy," Wales told me. The promise of the
Internet is free knowledge for everyone, he recalls thinking. How do
we make that happen?
As an undergraduate, he had read Friedrich Hayek's 1945 free-market
manifesto, "The Use of Knowledge in Society," which argues that
a person's knowledge is by definition partial, and that truth is
established only when people pool their wisdom. Wales thought of the
essay again in the nineteen-nineties, when he began reading about
the open-source movement, a group of programmers who believed that
software should be free and distributed in such a way that anyone could
modify the code. He was particularly impressed by "The Cathedral and
the Bazaar," an essay, later expanded into a book, by Eric Raymond,
one of the movement's founders. "It opened my eyes to the possibility
of mass collaboration," Wales said.
The first step was a misstep. In 2000, Wales hired Larry Sanger, a
graduate student in philosophy he had met on a Listserv, to help him
create an online general-interest encyclopedia called Nupedia. The
idea was to solicit articles from scholars, subject the articles to a
seven-step review process, and post them free online. Wales himself
tried to compose the entry on Robert Merton and options-pricing
theory; after he had written a few sentences, he remembered why he
had dropped out of graduate school. "They were going to take my essay
and send it to two finance professors in the field," he recalled. "I
had been out of academia for several years. It was intimidating;
it felt like homework."
After a year, Nupedia had only twenty-one articles, on such topics
as atonality and Herodotus. In January, 2001, Sanger had dinner
with a friend, who told him about the wiki, a simple software tool
that allows for collaborative writing and editing. Sanger thought
that a wiki might attract new contributors to Nupedia. (Wales says
that using a wiki was his idea.) Wales agreed to try it, more or
less as a lark. Under the wiki model that Sanger and Wales adopted,
each entry included a history page, which preserves a record of all
editing changes. They added a talk page, to allow for discussion of the
editorial process-an idea Bayle would have appreciated. Sanger coined
the term Wikipedia, and the site went live on January 15, 2001. Two
days later, he sent an e-mail to the Nupedia mailing list-about two
thousand people. "Wikipedia is up!" he wrote. "Humor me. Go there
and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes."
Wales braced himself for "complete rubbish." He figured that if he
and Sanger were lucky the wiki would generate a few rough drafts for
Nupedia. Within a month, Wikipedia had six hundred articles. After
a year, there were twenty thousand.
Wales is fond of citing a 1962 proclamation by Charles Van Doren,
who later became an editor at Britannica. Van Doren believed that
the traditional encyclopedia was defunct. It had grown by accretion
rather than by design; it had sacrificed artful synthesis to plodding
convention; it looked backward. "Because the world is radically new,
the ideal encyclopedia should be radical, too," Van Doren wrote. "It
should stop being safe-in politics, in philosophy, in science."
In its seminal Western incarnation, the encyclopedia had been a
dangerous book. The Encyclopedie muscled aside religious institutions
and orthodoxies to install human reason at the center of the
universe-and, for that muscling, briefly earned the book's publisher a
place in the Bastille. As the historian Robert Darnton pointed out, the
entry in the Encyclopedie on cannibalism ends with the cross-reference
"See Eucharist." What Wales seems to have in mind, however, is less
Van Doren's call to arms than that of an earlier rabble-rouser. In
the nineteen-thirties, H. G. Wells lamented that, while the world was
becoming smaller and moving at increasing speed, the way information
was distributed remained old-fashioned and ineffective. He prescribed a
"world brain," a collaborative, decentralized repository of knowledge
that would be subject to continual revision. More radically-with
"alma-matricidal impiety," as he put it-Wells indicted academia;
the university was itself medieval. "We want a Henry Ford today
to modernize the distribution of knowledge, make good knowledge
cheap and easy in this still very ignorant, ill-educated, ill-served
English-speaking world of ours," he wrote. Had the Internet existed
in his lifetime, Wells might have beaten Wales to the punch.
Wales's most radical contribution may be not to have made information
free but-in his own alma-matricidal way-to have invented a system that
does not favor the Ph.D. over the well-read fifteen-year-old. "To me,
the key thing is getting it right," Wales has said of Wikipedia's
contributors. "I don't care if they're a high-school kid or a Harvard
professor." At the beginning, there were no formal rules, though
Sanger eventually posted a set of guidelines on the site. The first was
"Ignore all the rules." Two of the others have become central tenets:
articles must reflect a neutral point of view (N.P.O.V., in Wikipedia
lingo), and their content must be both verifiable and previously
published. Among other things, the prohibition against original
research heads off a great deal of material about people's pets.
Insofar as Wikipedia has a physical existence, it is in St.
Petersburg, Florida, in an executive suite that serves as the
headquarters of the Wikimedia Foundation, the parent organization of
Wikipedia and its lesser-known sister projects, among them Wikisource
(a library of free texts), Wikinews (a current-events site) and
Wikiquote (bye-bye Bartlett's). Wales, who is married and has a
five-year-old daughter, says that St. Petersburg's attractive housing
prices lured him from California. When I visited the offices in March,
the walls were bare, the furniture battered. With the addition of a
dead plant, the suite could pass for a graduate-student lounge.
The real work at Wikipedia takes place not in Florida but on thousands
of computer screens across the world. Perhaps Wikipedia's greatest
achievement-one that Wales did not fully anticipate-was the creation
of a community. Wikipedians are officially anonymous, contributing
to unsigned entries under screen names. They are also predominantly
male-about eighty per cent, Wales says-and compulsively social,
conversing with each other not only on the talk pages attached
to each entry but on Wikipedia-dedicated I.R.C. channels and on
user pages, which regular contributors often create and which
serve as a sort of personalized office cooler. On the page of a
twenty-year-old Wikipedian named Arocoun, who lists "philosophizing"
among his favorite activities, messages from other users range from the
reflective ("I'd argue against your claim that humans should aim to be
independent/self-reliant in all aspects of their lives . . . I don't
think true independence is a realistic ideal given all the inherent
intertwinings of any society") to the geekily flirtatious ("I'm a
neurotic painter from Ohio, and I guess if you consider your views
radical, then I'm a radical, too. So . . . we should be friends").
Wikipedians have evolved a distinctive vocabulary, of which "revert,"
meaning "reinstate"-as in "I reverted the edit, but the user has
simply rereverted it"-may be the most commonly used word. Other terms
include WikiGnome (a user who keeps a low profile, fixing typos, poor
grammar, and broken links) and its antithesis, WikiTroll (a user who
persistently violates the site's guidelines or otherwise engages in
disruptive behavior). There are Aspergian Wikipedians (seventy-two),
bipolar Wikipedians, vegetarian Wikipedians, antivegetarian
Wikipedians, existential Wikipedians, pro-Luxembourg Wikipedians,
and Wikipedians who don't like to be categorized. According to a
page on the site, an avid interest in Wikipedia has been known to
afflict "computer programmers, academics, graduate students, game-show
contestants, news junkies, the unemployed, the soon-to-be unemployed
and, in general, people with multiple interests and good memories."
You may travel in more exalted circles, but this covers pretty much
everyone I know.
Wikipedia may be the world's most ambitious vanity press. There are two
hundred thousand registered users on the English-language site, of whom
about thirty-three hundred-fewer than two per cent-are responsible
for seventy per cent of the work. The site allows you to compare
contributors by the number of edits they have made, by the number of
articles that have been judged by community vote to be outstanding
(these "featured" articles often appear on the site's home page), and
by hourly activity, in graph form. A seventeen-year-old P. G. Wodehouse
fan who specializes in British peerages leads the featured-article
pack, with fifty-eight entries. A twenty-four-year-old University of
Toronto graduate is the site's premier contributor. Since composing
his first piece, on the Panama Canal, in 2001, he has written or
edited more than seventy-two thousand articles. "Wikipediholism" and
"editcountitis" are well defined on the site; both link to an article
on obsessive-compulsive disorder. (There is a Britannica entry for
O.C.D., but no version of it has included Felix Unger's name in the
third sentence, a comprehensive survey of "OCD in literature and
film," or a list of celebrity O.C.D. sufferers, which unites, surely
for the first time in history, Florence Nightingale with Joey Ramone.)
One regular on the site is a user known as Essjay, who holds a Ph.D.
in theology and a degree in canon law and has written or contributed to
sixteen thousand entries. A tenured professor of religion at a private
university, Essjay made his first edit in February, 2005. Initially,
he contributed to articles in his field-on the penitential rite,
transubstantiation, the papal tiara. Soon he was spending fourteen
hours a day on the site, though he was careful to keep his online life
a secret from his colleagues and friends. (To his knowledge, he has
never met another Wikipedian, and he will not be attending Wikimania,
the second international gathering of the encyclopedia's contributors,
which will take place in early August in Boston.)
Gradually, Essjay found himself devoting less time to editing and
more to correcting errors and removing obscenities from the site. In
May, he twice removed a sentence from the entry on Justin Timberlake
asserting that the pop star had lost his home in 2002 for failing
to pay federal taxes-a statement that Essjay knew to be false. The
incident ended there. Others involve ideological disagreements and
escalate into intense edit wars. A number of the disputes on the
English-language Wikipedia relate to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
and to religious issues. Almost as acrimonious are the battles waged
over the entries on Macedonia, Danzig, the Armenian genocide, and
Henry Ford. Ethnic feuds die hard: Was Copernicus Polish, German,
or Prussian? (A nonbinding poll was conducted earlier this year
to determine whether the question merited mention in the article's
lead.) Some debates may never be resolved: Was the 1812 Battle of
Borodino a victory for the Russians or for the French? What is the
date of Ann Coulter's birth? Is apple pie all-American? (The answer,
at least for now, is no: "Apple trees didn't even grow in America until
the Europeans brought them over," one user railed. He was seconded
by another, who added, "Apple pie is very popular in the Netherlands
too. Americans did not invent or introduce it to the Netherlands. You
already plagiarized Santa Claus from our Saint Nicholas. Stop it!") Who
could have guessed that "cheese" would figure among the site's most
contested entries? (The controversy entailed whether in Asia there is
a cultural prohibition against eating it.) For the past nine months,
Baltimore's climate has been a subject of bitter debate. What is the
average temperature in January?
At first, Wales handled the fistfights himself, but he was reluctant
to ban anyone from the site. As the number of users increased, so did
the editing wars and the incidence of vandalism. In October, 2001,
Wales appointed a small cadre of administrators, called admins, to
police the site for abuse. Admins can delete articles or protect them
from further changes, block users from editing, and revert text more
efficiently than can ordinary users. (There are now nearly a thousand
admins on the site.) In 2004, Wales formalized the 3R rule-initially
it had been merely a guideline-according to which any user who
reverts the same text more than three times in a twenty-four-hour
period is blocked from editing for a day. The policy grew out of a
series of particularly vitriolic battles, including one over the U.S.
economy-it was experiencing either high growth and low unemployment
or low growth and high unemployment.
Wales also appointed an arbitration committee to rule on disputes.
Before a case reaches the arbitration committee, it often passes
through a mediation committee. Essjay is serving a second term as
chair of the mediation committee. He is also an admin, a bureaucrat,
and a checkuser, which means that he is one of fourteen Wikipedians
authorized to trace I.P. addresses in cases of suspected abuse. He
often takes his laptop to class, so that he can be available to
Wikipedians while giving a quiz, and he keeps an eye on twenty I.R.C.
chat channels, where users often trade gossip about abuses they
have witnessed.
Five robots troll the site for obvious vandalism, searching for
obscenities and evidence of mass deletions, reverting text as they
go. More egregious violations require human intervention. Essjay
recently caught a user who, under one screen name, was replacing
sentences with nonsense and deleting whole entries and, under
another, correcting the abuses-all in order to boost his edit count.
He was banned permanently from the site. Some users who have been
caught tampering threaten revenge against the admins who apprehend
them. Essjay says that he routinely receives death threats. "There
are people who take Wikipedia way too seriously," he told me.
(Wikipedians have acknowledged Essjay's labors by awarding him numerous
barnstars-five-pointed stars, which the community has adopted as a
symbol of praise-including several Random Acts of Kindness Barnstars
and the Tireless Contributor Barnstar.)
Wikipedia has become a regulatory thicket, complete with an elaborate
hierarchy of users and policies about policies. Martin Wattenberg and
Fernanda B. Viegas, two researchers at I.B.M. who have studied the site
using computerized visual models called "history flows," found that
the talk pages and "meta pages"-those dealing with coordination and
administration-have experienced the greatest growth. Whereas articles
once made up about eighty-five per cent of the site's content, as of
last October they represented seventy per cent. As Wattenberg put it,
"People are talking about governance, not working on content." Wales is
ambivalent about the rules and procedures but believes that they are
necessary. "Things work well when a group of people know each other,
and things break down when it's a bunch of random people interacting,"
he told me.
For all its protocol, Wikipedia's bureaucracy doesn't necessarily
favor truth. In March, 2005, William Connolley, a climate modeller
at the British Antarctic Survey, in Cambridge, was briefly a victim
of an edit war over the entry on global warming, to which he had
contributed. After a particularly nasty confrontation with a skeptic,
who had repeatedly watered down language pertaining to the greenhouse
effect, the case went into arbitration. "User William M. Connolley
strongly pushes his POV with systematic removal of any POV which does
not match his own," his accuser charged in a written deposition. "His
views on climate science are singular and narrow." A decision from
the arbitration committee was three months in coming, after which
Connolley was placed on a humiliating one-revert-a-day parole. The
punishment was later revoked, and Connolley is now an admin, with two
thousand pages on his watchlist-a feature that enables users to compile
a list of entries and to be notified when changes are made to them. He
says that Wikipedia's entry on global warming may be the best page
on the subject anywhere on the Web. Nevertheless, Wales admits that
in this case the system failed. It can still seem as though the user
who spends the most time on the site-or who yells the loudest-wins.
Connolley believes that Wikipedia "gives no privilege to those who know
what they're talking about," a view that is echoed by many academics
and former contributors, including Larry Sanger, who argues that too
many Wikipedians are fundamentally suspicious of experts and unjustly
confident of their own opinions. He left Wikipedia in March, 2002,
after Wales ran out of money to support the site during the dot-com
bust. Sanger concluded that he had become a symbol of authority in an
anti-authoritarian community. "Wikipedia has gone from a nearly perfect
anarchy to an anarchy with gang rule," he told me. (Sanger is now the
director of collaborative projects at the online foundation Digital
Universe, where he is helping to develop a Web-based encyclopedia,
a hybrid between a wiki and a traditional reference work. He promises
that it will have "the lowest error rate in history.") Even Eric
Raymond, the open-source pioneer whose work inspired Wales, argues that
" 'disaster' is not too strong a word" for Wikipedia. In his view,
the site is "infested with moonbats." (Think hobgoblins of little
minds, varsity division.) He has found his corrections to entries on
science fiction dismantled by users who evidently felt that he was
trespassing on their terrain. "The more you look at what some of the
Wikipedia contributors have done, the better Britannica looks," Raymond
said. He believes that the open-source model is simply inapplicable
to an encyclopedia. For software, there is an objective standard:
either it works or it doesn't. There is no such test for truth.
Nor has increasing surveillance of the site by admins deterred
vandals, a majority of whom seem to be inserting obscenities and
absurdities into Wikipedia when they should be doing their homework.
Many are committing their pranks in the classroom: the abuse tends
to ebb on a Friday afternoon and resume early on a Monday. Entire
schools and universities have found their I.P. addresses blocked
as a result. The entry on George W. Bush has been vandalized so
frequently-sometimes more than twice a minute-that it is often closed
to editing for days. At any given time, a couple of hundred entries
are semi-protected, which means that a user must register his I.P.
address and wait several days before making changes. This group
recently included not only the entries on God, Galileo, and Al Gore
but also those on poodles, oranges, and Frederic Chopin. Even Wales
has been caught airbrushing his Wikipedia entry-eighteen times in the
past year. He is particularly sensitive about references to the porn
traffic on his Web portal. "Adult content" or "glamour photography"
are the terms that he prefers, though, as one user pointed out on the
site, they are perhaps not the most precise way to describe lesbian
strip-poker threesomes. (In January, Wales agreed to a compromise:
"erotic photography.") He is repentant about his meddling. "People
shouldn't do it, including me," he said. "It's in poor taste."
Wales recently established an "oversight" function, by which some
admins (Essjay among them) can purge text from the system, so that
even the history page bears no record of its ever having been there.
Wales says that this measure is rarely used, and only in order
to remove slanderous or private information, such as a telephone
number. "It's a perfectly reasonable power in any other situation,
but completely antithetical to this project," said Jason Scott, a
longtime contributor to Wikipedia who has published several essays
critical of the site.
Is Wikipedia accurate? Last year, Nature published a survey
comparing forty-two entries on scientific topics on Wikipedia with
their counterparts in Encyclopædia Britannica. According to the
survey, Wikipedia had four errors for every three of Britannica's,
a result that, oddly, was hailed as a triumph for the upstart. Such
exercises in nitpicking are relatively meaningless, as no reference
work is infallible. Britannica issued a public statement refuting
the survey's findings, and took out a half-page advertisement in
the Times, which said, in part, "Britannica has never claimed to be
error-free. We have a reputation not for unattainable perfection but
for strong scholarship, sound judgment, and disciplined editorial
review." Later, Jorge Cauz, Britannica's president, told me in an
e-mail that if Wikipedia continued without some kind of editorial
oversight it would "decline into a hulking mediocre mass of uneven,
unreliable, and, many times, unreadable articles." Wales has said
that he would consider Britannica a competitor, "except that I think
they will be crushed out of existence within five years."
Larry Sanger proposes a fine distinction between knowledge that
is useful and knowledge that is reliable, and there is no question
that Wikipedia beats every other source when it comes to breadth,
efficiency, and accessibility. Yet the site's virtues are also
liabilities. Cauz scoffed at the notion of "good enough knowledge."
"I hate that," he said, pointing out that there is no way to know
which facts in an entry to trust. Or, as Robert McHenry, a veteran
editor at Britannica, put it, "We can get the wrong answer to a
question quicker than our fathers and mothers could find a pencil."
Part of the problem is provenance. The bulk of Wikipedia's content
originates not in the stacks but on the Web, which offers up everything
from breaking news, spin, and gossip to proof that the moon landings
never took place. Glaring errors jostle quiet omissions. Wales, in
his public speeches, cites the Google test: "If it isn't on Google, it
doesn't exist." This position poses another difficulty: on Wikipedia,
the present takes precedent over the past. The (generally good) entry
on St. Augustine is shorter than the one on Britney Spears. The article
on Nietzsche has been modified incessantly, yielding five archived
talk pages. But the debate is largely over Nietzsche's politics;
taken as a whole, the entry is inferior to the essay in the current
Britannica, a model of its form. (From Wikipedia: "Nietzsche also
owned a copy of Philipp Mainlander's 'Die Philosophie der Erlosung,'
a work which, like Schopenhauer's philosophy, expressed pessimism.")
Wikipedia remains a lumpy work in progress. The entries can read
as though they had been written by a seventh grader: clarity and
concision are lacking; the facts may be sturdy, but the connective
tissue is either anemic or absent; and citation is hit or miss.
Wattenberg and Viegas, of I.B.M., note that the vast majority of
Wikipedia edits consist of deletions and additions rather than of
attempts to reorder paragraphs or to shape an entry as a whole,
and they believe that Wikipedia's twenty-five-line editing window
deserves some of the blame. It is difficult to craft an article
in its entirety when reading it piecemeal, and, given Wikipedians'
obsession with racking up edits, simple fixes often take priority
over more complex edits. Wattenberg and Viegas have also identified a
"first-mover advantage": the initial contributor to an article often
sets the tone, and that person is rarely a Macaulay or a Johnson. The
over-all effect is jittery, the textual equivalent of a film shot
with a handheld camera.
What can be said for an encyclopedia that is sometimes right, sometimes
wrong, and sometimes illiterate? When I showed the Harvard philosopher
Hilary Putnam his entry, he was surprised to find it as good as the
one in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. He was flabbergasted
when he learned how Wikipedia worked. "Obviously, this was the work
of experts," he said. In the nineteen-sixties, William F. Buckley,
Jr., said that he would sooner "live in a society governed by the
first two thousand names in the Boston telephone directory than in
a society governed by the two thousand faculty members of Harvard
University." On Wikipedia, he might finally have his wish. How was his
page? Essentially on target, he said. All the same, Buckley added,
he would prefer that those anonymous two thousand souls govern,
and leave the encyclopedia writing to the experts.
Over breakfast in early May, I asked Cauz for an analogy with which
to compare Britannica and Wikipedia. "Wikipedia is to Britannica as
'American Idol' is to the Juilliard School," he e-mailed me the
next day. A few days later, Wales also chose a musical metaphor.
"Wikipedia is to Britannica as rock and roll is to easy listening," he
suggested. "It may not be as smooth, but it scares the parents and is
a lot smarter in the end." He is right to emphasize the fright factor
over accuracy. As was the Encyclopedie, Wikipedia is a combination
of manifesto and reference work. Peer review, the mainstream media,
and government agencies have landed us in a ditch. Not only are
we impatient with the authorities but we are in a mood to talk
back. Wikipedia offers endless opportunities for self-expression. It
is the love child of reading groups and chat rooms, a second home
for anyone who has written an Amazon review. This is not the first
time that encyclopedia-makers have snatched control from an elite,
or cast a harsh light on certitude. Jimmy Wales may or may not be
the new Henry Ford, yet he has sent us tooling down the interstate,
with but a squint back at the railroad. We're on the open road now,
without conductors and timetables. We're free to chart our own course,
also free to get gloriously, recklessly lost. Your truth or mine?
--Boundary_(ID_D4sGAzegFgtNW2cybxNmmw)--
The New Yorker
July 24, 2006
By STACY SCHIFF
On March 1st, Wikipedia, the online interactive encyclopedia, hit
the million-articles mark, with an entry on Jordanhill, a railway
station in suburban Glasgow. Its author, Ewan MacDonald, posted a
single sentence about the station at 11 P.M., local time; over the
next twenty-four hours, the entry was edited more than four hundred
times, by dozens of people. (Jordanhill happens to be the "1029th
busiest station in the United Kingdom"; it "no longer has a staffed
ticket counter.") The Encyclopædia Britannica, which for more than
two centuries has been considered the gold standard for reference
works, has only a hundred and twenty thousand entries in its most
comprehensive edition. Apparently, no traditional encyclopedia has ever
suspected that someone might wonder about Sudoku or about prostitution
in China. Or, for that matter, about Capgras delusion (the unnerving
sensation that an impostor is sitting in for a close relative),
the Boston molasses disaster, the Rhinoceros Party of Canada, Bill
Gates's house, the forty-five-minute Anglo-Zanzibar War, or Islam
in Iceland. Wikipedia includes fine entries on Kafka and the War of
the Spanish Succession, and also a complete guide to the ships of the
U.S. Navy, a definition of Philadelphia cheesesteak, a masterly page on
Scrabble, a list of historical cats (celebrity cats, a cat millionaire,
the first feline to circumnavigate Australia), a survey of invented
expletives in fiction ("bippie," "cakesniffer," "furgle"), instructions
for curing hiccups, and an article that describes, with schematic
diagrams, how to build a stove from a discarded soda can. The how-to
entries represent territory that the encyclopedia has not claimed since
the eighteenth century. You could cure a toothache or make snowshoes
using the original Britannica, of 1768-71. (You could also imbibe a lot
of prejudice and superstition. The entry on Woman was just six words:
"The female of man. See HOMO.") If you look up "coffee preparation"
on Wikipedia, you will find your way, via the entry on Espresso, to
a piece on types of espresso machines, which you will want to consult
before buying. There is also a page on the site dedicated to "Errors
in the Encyclopædia Britannica that have been corrected in Wikipedia"
(Stalin's birth date, the true inventor of the safety razor).
Because there are no physical limits on its size, Wikipedia can aspire
to be all-inclusive. It is also perfectly configured to be current:
there are detailed entries for each of the twelve finalists on this
season's "American Idol," and the article on the "2006 Israel-Lebanon
Conflict" has been edited more than four thousand times since it was
created, on July 12th, six hours after Hezbollah militants ignited
the hostilities by kidnapping two Israeli soldiers. Wikipedia, which
was launched in 2001, is now the seventeenth-most-popular site on the
Internet, generating more traffic daily than MSNBC.com and the online
versions of the Times and the Wall Street Journal combined. The number
of visitors has been doubling every four months; the site receives as
many as fourteen thousand hits per second. Wikipedia functions as a
filter for vast amounts of information online, and it could be said
that Google owes the site for tidying up the neighborhood. But the
search engine is amply repaying its debt: because Wikipedia pages
contain so many links to other entries on the site, and are so
frequently updated, they enjoy an enviably high page rank.
The site has achieved this prominence largely without paid staff or
revenue. It has five employees in addition to Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's
thirty-nine-year-old founder, and it carries no advertising. In 2003,
Wikipedia became a nonprofit organization; it meets most of its budget,
of seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars, with donations, the bulk
of them contributions of twenty dollars or less. Wales says that he is
on a mission to "distribute a free encyclopedia to every single person
on the planet in their own language," and to an astonishing degree he
is succeeding. Anyone with Internet access can create a Wikipedia entry
or edit an existing one. The site currently exists in more than two
hundred languages and has hundreds of thousands of contributors around
the world. Wales is at the forefront of a revolution in knowledge
gathering: he has marshalled an army of volunteers who believe that,
working collaboratively, they can produce an encyclopedia that is as
good as any written by experts, and with an unprecedented range.
Wikipedia is an online community devoted not to last night's party
or to next season's iPod but to a higher good. It is also no more
immune to human nature than any other utopian project. Pettiness,
idiocy, and vulgarity are regular features of the site. Nothing
about high-minded collaboration guarantees accuracy, and open editing
invites abuse. Senators and congressmen have been caught tampering
with their entries; the entire House of Representatives has been
banned from Wikipedia several times. (It is not subtle to change
Senator Robert Byrd's age from eighty-eight to a hundred and eighty.
It is subtler to sanitize one's voting record in order to distance
oneself from an unpopular President, or to delete broken campaign
promises.) Curiously, though, mob rule has not led to chaos.
Wikipedia, which began as an experiment in unfettered democracy,
has sprouted policies and procedures. At the same time, the site
embodies our newly casual relationship to truth. When confronted with
evidence of errors or bias, Wikipedians invoke a favorite excuse:
look how often the mainstream media, and the traditional encyclopedia,
are wrong! As defenses go, this is the epistemological equivalent of
"But Johnny jumped off the bridge first." Wikipedia, though, is only
five years old. One day, it may grow up.
The encyclopedic impulse dates back more than two thousand years
and has rarely balked at national borders. Among the first general
reference works was Emperor's Mirror, commissioned in 220 A.D. by a
Chinese emperor, for use by civil servants. The quest to catalogue
all human knowledge accelerated in the eighteenth century. In
the seventeen-seventies, the Germans, champions of thoroughness,
began assembling a two-hundred-and-forty-two-volume masterwork. A
few decades earlier, Johann Heinrich Zedler, a Leipzig bookseller,
had alarmed local competitors when he solicited articles for his
Universal-Lexicon. His rivals, fearing that the work would put them out
of business by rendering all other books obsolete, tried unsuccessfully
to sabotage the project.
It took a devious Frenchman, Pierre Bayle, to conceive of an
encyclopedia composed solely of errors. After the idea failed
to generate much enthusiasm among potential readers, he instead
compiled a "Dictionnaire Historique et Critique," which consisted
almost entirely of footnotes, many highlighting flaws of earlier
scholarship. Bayle taught readers to doubt, a lesson in subversion that
Diderot and d'Alembert, the authors of the Encyclopedie (1751-80),
learned well. Their thirty-five-volume work preached rationalism at
the expense of church and state. The more stolid Britannica was born
of cross-channel rivalry and an Anglo-Saxon passion for utility.
Wales's first encyclopedia was the World Book, which his parents
acquired after dinner one evening in 1969, from a door-to-door
salesman. Wales-who resembles a young Billy Crystal with the
neuroses neatly tucked in-recalls the enchantment of pasting in
update stickers that cross-referenced older entries to the annual
supplements. Wales's mother and grandmother ran a private school
in Huntsville, Alabama, which he attended from the age of three. He
graduated from Auburn University with a degree in finance and began
a Ph.D. in the subject, enrolling first at the University of Alabama
and later at Indiana University. In 1994, he decided to take a job
trading options in Chicago rather than write his dissertation. Four
years later, he moved to San Diego, where he used his savings to found
an Internet portal. Its audience was mostly men; pornography-videos
and blogs-accounted for about a tenth of its revenues. Meanwhile,
Wales was cogitating. In his view, misinformation, propaganda, and
ignorance are responsible for many of the world's ills. "I'm very
much an Enlightenment kind of guy," Wales told me. The promise of the
Internet is free knowledge for everyone, he recalls thinking. How do
we make that happen?
As an undergraduate, he had read Friedrich Hayek's 1945 free-market
manifesto, "The Use of Knowledge in Society," which argues that
a person's knowledge is by definition partial, and that truth is
established only when people pool their wisdom. Wales thought of the
essay again in the nineteen-nineties, when he began reading about
the open-source movement, a group of programmers who believed that
software should be free and distributed in such a way that anyone could
modify the code. He was particularly impressed by "The Cathedral and
the Bazaar," an essay, later expanded into a book, by Eric Raymond,
one of the movement's founders. "It opened my eyes to the possibility
of mass collaboration," Wales said.
The first step was a misstep. In 2000, Wales hired Larry Sanger, a
graduate student in philosophy he had met on a Listserv, to help him
create an online general-interest encyclopedia called Nupedia. The
idea was to solicit articles from scholars, subject the articles to a
seven-step review process, and post them free online. Wales himself
tried to compose the entry on Robert Merton and options-pricing
theory; after he had written a few sentences, he remembered why he
had dropped out of graduate school. "They were going to take my essay
and send it to two finance professors in the field," he recalled. "I
had been out of academia for several years. It was intimidating;
it felt like homework."
After a year, Nupedia had only twenty-one articles, on such topics
as atonality and Herodotus. In January, 2001, Sanger had dinner
with a friend, who told him about the wiki, a simple software tool
that allows for collaborative writing and editing. Sanger thought
that a wiki might attract new contributors to Nupedia. (Wales says
that using a wiki was his idea.) Wales agreed to try it, more or
less as a lark. Under the wiki model that Sanger and Wales adopted,
each entry included a history page, which preserves a record of all
editing changes. They added a talk page, to allow for discussion of the
editorial process-an idea Bayle would have appreciated. Sanger coined
the term Wikipedia, and the site went live on January 15, 2001. Two
days later, he sent an e-mail to the Nupedia mailing list-about two
thousand people. "Wikipedia is up!" he wrote. "Humor me. Go there
and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes."
Wales braced himself for "complete rubbish." He figured that if he
and Sanger were lucky the wiki would generate a few rough drafts for
Nupedia. Within a month, Wikipedia had six hundred articles. After
a year, there were twenty thousand.
Wales is fond of citing a 1962 proclamation by Charles Van Doren,
who later became an editor at Britannica. Van Doren believed that
the traditional encyclopedia was defunct. It had grown by accretion
rather than by design; it had sacrificed artful synthesis to plodding
convention; it looked backward. "Because the world is radically new,
the ideal encyclopedia should be radical, too," Van Doren wrote. "It
should stop being safe-in politics, in philosophy, in science."
In its seminal Western incarnation, the encyclopedia had been a
dangerous book. The Encyclopedie muscled aside religious institutions
and orthodoxies to install human reason at the center of the
universe-and, for that muscling, briefly earned the book's publisher a
place in the Bastille. As the historian Robert Darnton pointed out, the
entry in the Encyclopedie on cannibalism ends with the cross-reference
"See Eucharist." What Wales seems to have in mind, however, is less
Van Doren's call to arms than that of an earlier rabble-rouser. In
the nineteen-thirties, H. G. Wells lamented that, while the world was
becoming smaller and moving at increasing speed, the way information
was distributed remained old-fashioned and ineffective. He prescribed a
"world brain," a collaborative, decentralized repository of knowledge
that would be subject to continual revision. More radically-with
"alma-matricidal impiety," as he put it-Wells indicted academia;
the university was itself medieval. "We want a Henry Ford today
to modernize the distribution of knowledge, make good knowledge
cheap and easy in this still very ignorant, ill-educated, ill-served
English-speaking world of ours," he wrote. Had the Internet existed
in his lifetime, Wells might have beaten Wales to the punch.
Wales's most radical contribution may be not to have made information
free but-in his own alma-matricidal way-to have invented a system that
does not favor the Ph.D. over the well-read fifteen-year-old. "To me,
the key thing is getting it right," Wales has said of Wikipedia's
contributors. "I don't care if they're a high-school kid or a Harvard
professor." At the beginning, there were no formal rules, though
Sanger eventually posted a set of guidelines on the site. The first was
"Ignore all the rules." Two of the others have become central tenets:
articles must reflect a neutral point of view (N.P.O.V., in Wikipedia
lingo), and their content must be both verifiable and previously
published. Among other things, the prohibition against original
research heads off a great deal of material about people's pets.
Insofar as Wikipedia has a physical existence, it is in St.
Petersburg, Florida, in an executive suite that serves as the
headquarters of the Wikimedia Foundation, the parent organization of
Wikipedia and its lesser-known sister projects, among them Wikisource
(a library of free texts), Wikinews (a current-events site) and
Wikiquote (bye-bye Bartlett's). Wales, who is married and has a
five-year-old daughter, says that St. Petersburg's attractive housing
prices lured him from California. When I visited the offices in March,
the walls were bare, the furniture battered. With the addition of a
dead plant, the suite could pass for a graduate-student lounge.
The real work at Wikipedia takes place not in Florida but on thousands
of computer screens across the world. Perhaps Wikipedia's greatest
achievement-one that Wales did not fully anticipate-was the creation
of a community. Wikipedians are officially anonymous, contributing
to unsigned entries under screen names. They are also predominantly
male-about eighty per cent, Wales says-and compulsively social,
conversing with each other not only on the talk pages attached
to each entry but on Wikipedia-dedicated I.R.C. channels and on
user pages, which regular contributors often create and which
serve as a sort of personalized office cooler. On the page of a
twenty-year-old Wikipedian named Arocoun, who lists "philosophizing"
among his favorite activities, messages from other users range from the
reflective ("I'd argue against your claim that humans should aim to be
independent/self-reliant in all aspects of their lives . . . I don't
think true independence is a realistic ideal given all the inherent
intertwinings of any society") to the geekily flirtatious ("I'm a
neurotic painter from Ohio, and I guess if you consider your views
radical, then I'm a radical, too. So . . . we should be friends").
Wikipedians have evolved a distinctive vocabulary, of which "revert,"
meaning "reinstate"-as in "I reverted the edit, but the user has
simply rereverted it"-may be the most commonly used word. Other terms
include WikiGnome (a user who keeps a low profile, fixing typos, poor
grammar, and broken links) and its antithesis, WikiTroll (a user who
persistently violates the site's guidelines or otherwise engages in
disruptive behavior). There are Aspergian Wikipedians (seventy-two),
bipolar Wikipedians, vegetarian Wikipedians, antivegetarian
Wikipedians, existential Wikipedians, pro-Luxembourg Wikipedians,
and Wikipedians who don't like to be categorized. According to a
page on the site, an avid interest in Wikipedia has been known to
afflict "computer programmers, academics, graduate students, game-show
contestants, news junkies, the unemployed, the soon-to-be unemployed
and, in general, people with multiple interests and good memories."
You may travel in more exalted circles, but this covers pretty much
everyone I know.
Wikipedia may be the world's most ambitious vanity press. There are two
hundred thousand registered users on the English-language site, of whom
about thirty-three hundred-fewer than two per cent-are responsible
for seventy per cent of the work. The site allows you to compare
contributors by the number of edits they have made, by the number of
articles that have been judged by community vote to be outstanding
(these "featured" articles often appear on the site's home page), and
by hourly activity, in graph form. A seventeen-year-old P. G. Wodehouse
fan who specializes in British peerages leads the featured-article
pack, with fifty-eight entries. A twenty-four-year-old University of
Toronto graduate is the site's premier contributor. Since composing
his first piece, on the Panama Canal, in 2001, he has written or
edited more than seventy-two thousand articles. "Wikipediholism" and
"editcountitis" are well defined on the site; both link to an article
on obsessive-compulsive disorder. (There is a Britannica entry for
O.C.D., but no version of it has included Felix Unger's name in the
third sentence, a comprehensive survey of "OCD in literature and
film," or a list of celebrity O.C.D. sufferers, which unites, surely
for the first time in history, Florence Nightingale with Joey Ramone.)
One regular on the site is a user known as Essjay, who holds a Ph.D.
in theology and a degree in canon law and has written or contributed to
sixteen thousand entries. A tenured professor of religion at a private
university, Essjay made his first edit in February, 2005. Initially,
he contributed to articles in his field-on the penitential rite,
transubstantiation, the papal tiara. Soon he was spending fourteen
hours a day on the site, though he was careful to keep his online life
a secret from his colleagues and friends. (To his knowledge, he has
never met another Wikipedian, and he will not be attending Wikimania,
the second international gathering of the encyclopedia's contributors,
which will take place in early August in Boston.)
Gradually, Essjay found himself devoting less time to editing and
more to correcting errors and removing obscenities from the site. In
May, he twice removed a sentence from the entry on Justin Timberlake
asserting that the pop star had lost his home in 2002 for failing
to pay federal taxes-a statement that Essjay knew to be false. The
incident ended there. Others involve ideological disagreements and
escalate into intense edit wars. A number of the disputes on the
English-language Wikipedia relate to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
and to religious issues. Almost as acrimonious are the battles waged
over the entries on Macedonia, Danzig, the Armenian genocide, and
Henry Ford. Ethnic feuds die hard: Was Copernicus Polish, German,
or Prussian? (A nonbinding poll was conducted earlier this year
to determine whether the question merited mention in the article's
lead.) Some debates may never be resolved: Was the 1812 Battle of
Borodino a victory for the Russians or for the French? What is the
date of Ann Coulter's birth? Is apple pie all-American? (The answer,
at least for now, is no: "Apple trees didn't even grow in America until
the Europeans brought them over," one user railed. He was seconded
by another, who added, "Apple pie is very popular in the Netherlands
too. Americans did not invent or introduce it to the Netherlands. You
already plagiarized Santa Claus from our Saint Nicholas. Stop it!") Who
could have guessed that "cheese" would figure among the site's most
contested entries? (The controversy entailed whether in Asia there is
a cultural prohibition against eating it.) For the past nine months,
Baltimore's climate has been a subject of bitter debate. What is the
average temperature in January?
At first, Wales handled the fistfights himself, but he was reluctant
to ban anyone from the site. As the number of users increased, so did
the editing wars and the incidence of vandalism. In October, 2001,
Wales appointed a small cadre of administrators, called admins, to
police the site for abuse. Admins can delete articles or protect them
from further changes, block users from editing, and revert text more
efficiently than can ordinary users. (There are now nearly a thousand
admins on the site.) In 2004, Wales formalized the 3R rule-initially
it had been merely a guideline-according to which any user who
reverts the same text more than three times in a twenty-four-hour
period is blocked from editing for a day. The policy grew out of a
series of particularly vitriolic battles, including one over the U.S.
economy-it was experiencing either high growth and low unemployment
or low growth and high unemployment.
Wales also appointed an arbitration committee to rule on disputes.
Before a case reaches the arbitration committee, it often passes
through a mediation committee. Essjay is serving a second term as
chair of the mediation committee. He is also an admin, a bureaucrat,
and a checkuser, which means that he is one of fourteen Wikipedians
authorized to trace I.P. addresses in cases of suspected abuse. He
often takes his laptop to class, so that he can be available to
Wikipedians while giving a quiz, and he keeps an eye on twenty I.R.C.
chat channels, where users often trade gossip about abuses they
have witnessed.
Five robots troll the site for obvious vandalism, searching for
obscenities and evidence of mass deletions, reverting text as they
go. More egregious violations require human intervention. Essjay
recently caught a user who, under one screen name, was replacing
sentences with nonsense and deleting whole entries and, under
another, correcting the abuses-all in order to boost his edit count.
He was banned permanently from the site. Some users who have been
caught tampering threaten revenge against the admins who apprehend
them. Essjay says that he routinely receives death threats. "There
are people who take Wikipedia way too seriously," he told me.
(Wikipedians have acknowledged Essjay's labors by awarding him numerous
barnstars-five-pointed stars, which the community has adopted as a
symbol of praise-including several Random Acts of Kindness Barnstars
and the Tireless Contributor Barnstar.)
Wikipedia has become a regulatory thicket, complete with an elaborate
hierarchy of users and policies about policies. Martin Wattenberg and
Fernanda B. Viegas, two researchers at I.B.M. who have studied the site
using computerized visual models called "history flows," found that
the talk pages and "meta pages"-those dealing with coordination and
administration-have experienced the greatest growth. Whereas articles
once made up about eighty-five per cent of the site's content, as of
last October they represented seventy per cent. As Wattenberg put it,
"People are talking about governance, not working on content." Wales is
ambivalent about the rules and procedures but believes that they are
necessary. "Things work well when a group of people know each other,
and things break down when it's a bunch of random people interacting,"
he told me.
For all its protocol, Wikipedia's bureaucracy doesn't necessarily
favor truth. In March, 2005, William Connolley, a climate modeller
at the British Antarctic Survey, in Cambridge, was briefly a victim
of an edit war over the entry on global warming, to which he had
contributed. After a particularly nasty confrontation with a skeptic,
who had repeatedly watered down language pertaining to the greenhouse
effect, the case went into arbitration. "User William M. Connolley
strongly pushes his POV with systematic removal of any POV which does
not match his own," his accuser charged in a written deposition. "His
views on climate science are singular and narrow." A decision from
the arbitration committee was three months in coming, after which
Connolley was placed on a humiliating one-revert-a-day parole. The
punishment was later revoked, and Connolley is now an admin, with two
thousand pages on his watchlist-a feature that enables users to compile
a list of entries and to be notified when changes are made to them. He
says that Wikipedia's entry on global warming may be the best page
on the subject anywhere on the Web. Nevertheless, Wales admits that
in this case the system failed. It can still seem as though the user
who spends the most time on the site-or who yells the loudest-wins.
Connolley believes that Wikipedia "gives no privilege to those who know
what they're talking about," a view that is echoed by many academics
and former contributors, including Larry Sanger, who argues that too
many Wikipedians are fundamentally suspicious of experts and unjustly
confident of their own opinions. He left Wikipedia in March, 2002,
after Wales ran out of money to support the site during the dot-com
bust. Sanger concluded that he had become a symbol of authority in an
anti-authoritarian community. "Wikipedia has gone from a nearly perfect
anarchy to an anarchy with gang rule," he told me. (Sanger is now the
director of collaborative projects at the online foundation Digital
Universe, where he is helping to develop a Web-based encyclopedia,
a hybrid between a wiki and a traditional reference work. He promises
that it will have "the lowest error rate in history.") Even Eric
Raymond, the open-source pioneer whose work inspired Wales, argues that
" 'disaster' is not too strong a word" for Wikipedia. In his view,
the site is "infested with moonbats." (Think hobgoblins of little
minds, varsity division.) He has found his corrections to entries on
science fiction dismantled by users who evidently felt that he was
trespassing on their terrain. "The more you look at what some of the
Wikipedia contributors have done, the better Britannica looks," Raymond
said. He believes that the open-source model is simply inapplicable
to an encyclopedia. For software, there is an objective standard:
either it works or it doesn't. There is no such test for truth.
Nor has increasing surveillance of the site by admins deterred
vandals, a majority of whom seem to be inserting obscenities and
absurdities into Wikipedia when they should be doing their homework.
Many are committing their pranks in the classroom: the abuse tends
to ebb on a Friday afternoon and resume early on a Monday. Entire
schools and universities have found their I.P. addresses blocked
as a result. The entry on George W. Bush has been vandalized so
frequently-sometimes more than twice a minute-that it is often closed
to editing for days. At any given time, a couple of hundred entries
are semi-protected, which means that a user must register his I.P.
address and wait several days before making changes. This group
recently included not only the entries on God, Galileo, and Al Gore
but also those on poodles, oranges, and Frederic Chopin. Even Wales
has been caught airbrushing his Wikipedia entry-eighteen times in the
past year. He is particularly sensitive about references to the porn
traffic on his Web portal. "Adult content" or "glamour photography"
are the terms that he prefers, though, as one user pointed out on the
site, they are perhaps not the most precise way to describe lesbian
strip-poker threesomes. (In January, Wales agreed to a compromise:
"erotic photography.") He is repentant about his meddling. "People
shouldn't do it, including me," he said. "It's in poor taste."
Wales recently established an "oversight" function, by which some
admins (Essjay among them) can purge text from the system, so that
even the history page bears no record of its ever having been there.
Wales says that this measure is rarely used, and only in order
to remove slanderous or private information, such as a telephone
number. "It's a perfectly reasonable power in any other situation,
but completely antithetical to this project," said Jason Scott, a
longtime contributor to Wikipedia who has published several essays
critical of the site.
Is Wikipedia accurate? Last year, Nature published a survey
comparing forty-two entries on scientific topics on Wikipedia with
their counterparts in Encyclopædia Britannica. According to the
survey, Wikipedia had four errors for every three of Britannica's,
a result that, oddly, was hailed as a triumph for the upstart. Such
exercises in nitpicking are relatively meaningless, as no reference
work is infallible. Britannica issued a public statement refuting
the survey's findings, and took out a half-page advertisement in
the Times, which said, in part, "Britannica has never claimed to be
error-free. We have a reputation not for unattainable perfection but
for strong scholarship, sound judgment, and disciplined editorial
review." Later, Jorge Cauz, Britannica's president, told me in an
e-mail that if Wikipedia continued without some kind of editorial
oversight it would "decline into a hulking mediocre mass of uneven,
unreliable, and, many times, unreadable articles." Wales has said
that he would consider Britannica a competitor, "except that I think
they will be crushed out of existence within five years."
Larry Sanger proposes a fine distinction between knowledge that
is useful and knowledge that is reliable, and there is no question
that Wikipedia beats every other source when it comes to breadth,
efficiency, and accessibility. Yet the site's virtues are also
liabilities. Cauz scoffed at the notion of "good enough knowledge."
"I hate that," he said, pointing out that there is no way to know
which facts in an entry to trust. Or, as Robert McHenry, a veteran
editor at Britannica, put it, "We can get the wrong answer to a
question quicker than our fathers and mothers could find a pencil."
Part of the problem is provenance. The bulk of Wikipedia's content
originates not in the stacks but on the Web, which offers up everything
from breaking news, spin, and gossip to proof that the moon landings
never took place. Glaring errors jostle quiet omissions. Wales, in
his public speeches, cites the Google test: "If it isn't on Google, it
doesn't exist." This position poses another difficulty: on Wikipedia,
the present takes precedent over the past. The (generally good) entry
on St. Augustine is shorter than the one on Britney Spears. The article
on Nietzsche has been modified incessantly, yielding five archived
talk pages. But the debate is largely over Nietzsche's politics;
taken as a whole, the entry is inferior to the essay in the current
Britannica, a model of its form. (From Wikipedia: "Nietzsche also
owned a copy of Philipp Mainlander's 'Die Philosophie der Erlosung,'
a work which, like Schopenhauer's philosophy, expressed pessimism.")
Wikipedia remains a lumpy work in progress. The entries can read
as though they had been written by a seventh grader: clarity and
concision are lacking; the facts may be sturdy, but the connective
tissue is either anemic or absent; and citation is hit or miss.
Wattenberg and Viegas, of I.B.M., note that the vast majority of
Wikipedia edits consist of deletions and additions rather than of
attempts to reorder paragraphs or to shape an entry as a whole,
and they believe that Wikipedia's twenty-five-line editing window
deserves some of the blame. It is difficult to craft an article
in its entirety when reading it piecemeal, and, given Wikipedians'
obsession with racking up edits, simple fixes often take priority
over more complex edits. Wattenberg and Viegas have also identified a
"first-mover advantage": the initial contributor to an article often
sets the tone, and that person is rarely a Macaulay or a Johnson. The
over-all effect is jittery, the textual equivalent of a film shot
with a handheld camera.
What can be said for an encyclopedia that is sometimes right, sometimes
wrong, and sometimes illiterate? When I showed the Harvard philosopher
Hilary Putnam his entry, he was surprised to find it as good as the
one in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. He was flabbergasted
when he learned how Wikipedia worked. "Obviously, this was the work
of experts," he said. In the nineteen-sixties, William F. Buckley,
Jr., said that he would sooner "live in a society governed by the
first two thousand names in the Boston telephone directory than in
a society governed by the two thousand faculty members of Harvard
University." On Wikipedia, he might finally have his wish. How was his
page? Essentially on target, he said. All the same, Buckley added,
he would prefer that those anonymous two thousand souls govern,
and leave the encyclopedia writing to the experts.
Over breakfast in early May, I asked Cauz for an analogy with which
to compare Britannica and Wikipedia. "Wikipedia is to Britannica as
'American Idol' is to the Juilliard School," he e-mailed me the
next day. A few days later, Wales also chose a musical metaphor.
"Wikipedia is to Britannica as rock and roll is to easy listening," he
suggested. "It may not be as smooth, but it scares the parents and is
a lot smarter in the end." He is right to emphasize the fright factor
over accuracy. As was the Encyclopedie, Wikipedia is a combination
of manifesto and reference work. Peer review, the mainstream media,
and government agencies have landed us in a ditch. Not only are
we impatient with the authorities but we are in a mood to talk
back. Wikipedia offers endless opportunities for self-expression. It
is the love child of reading groups and chat rooms, a second home
for anyone who has written an Amazon review. This is not the first
time that encyclopedia-makers have snatched control from an elite,
or cast a harsh light on certitude. Jimmy Wales may or may not be
the new Henry Ford, yet he has sent us tooling down the interstate,
with but a squint back at the railroad. We're on the open road now,
without conductors and timetables. We're free to chart our own course,
also free to get gloriously, recklessly lost. Your truth or mine?
--Boundary_(ID_D4sGAzegFgtNW2cybxNmmw)--