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FORUM 18 NEWS SERVICE, Oslo, Norway
http://www.forum18.org/
The right to believe, to worship and witness
The right to change one's belief or religion
The right to join together and express one's belief
========================================== ======
Wednesday 26 July 2006
TURKEY: LITTLE PROGRESS ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
Despite hopes, there has been little progress in achieving true religious
freedom in Turkey, argues Otmar Oehring of the German Catholic charity
Missio
<http://www.missio-aachen.de/men schen-kulturen/themen/menschenrechte>.
Delays in changing the Foundations Law; declining official interest in
acting on EU and Council of Europe advice; the lack of concrete impact of
limited changes in the way the state records individual religious
affiliation; "massive nationalistic indoctrination" in schools; and
continuing systematic discrimination against Muslim and non-Muslim
minorities contribute to Turkey's religious freedom deficit. In this
personal commentary for Forum 18 News Service <http://www.forum18.org>, Dr
Oehring maintains that the Turkish government no longer seems willing to
improve the religious freedom and human rights situation. Many think that
EU accession negotiations may fail, and he suggests that this is likely to
end any progress towards religious freedom.
TURKEY: LITTLE PROGRESS ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
By Otmar Oehring, head of the human rights office of Missio
<www.missio-aachen.de>
The Turkish parliament has now departed for the holidays - without
approving the new Law on Foundations as it had been expected to do. The
proposed Law would regulate how "community foundations" - the
organisations allowed to some non-Muslim ethnic/religious communities -
own and recover property. Parliament said it would come back early from
holiday and reconvene in September, rather than October, to consider this
proposed law and other laws aimed to bring Turkish laws into line with
European Union (EU) norms. The aim is, reportedly, to approve at least the
Foundations Law before the EU reports again on accession in early October.
Although politicians and the EU are concentrating now on the Foundations
Law, this focuses only on one fairly narrow issue: what to do with
buildings and other property taken from religious communities by the
government and sold to third parties (see F18News 13 December 2005
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?articl e_id=704>). The government
cannot now give these properties back, so it will have to offer
compensation. However, it is not willing to do so and parliamentary
deputies think Turkey should not offer such compensation. As the European
Commission is telling the Turkish government it must do so, the issue is
deadlocked.
Despite the urging of the European Commission's Enlargement
Directorate-General that Turkey should use the good offices of the Council
of Europe, both to help it understand what needs to be done in the area of
religious freedom and to help draw up laws on religious freedom and the
status of religious communities, the Turks are reluctant. In April 2006,
the Turkish government contacted the European Commission to ask for
specialists who could advise on these issues. The EU was willing to send
three experts, two from the Council of Europe as well as a French expert
on "laicism". But to the astonishment of those involved, the day before
the experts were due to travel the Turkish government informed them there
was "no need" to come.
The involvement of the Council of Europe in helping Turkey's
transformation is very tricky. Its Venice Commission - which advises on
how constitutions and other fundamental laws could conform to European
democratic standards - could help Turkey on religious freedom, but can
only get involved if Turkey invites it to do so. But Turkey is not
interested.
Official religious affiliation records
One small step has been taken in the way the state records individuals'
religious affiliation. A new Personal Status Law approved on 25 April
gives citizens for the first time the possibility to ask the authorities
to remove information about their religious affiliation (or presumed
religious affiliation) from their official records. However, the law is
contradictory: while Article 35 paragraph 2 allows individuals to ask for
their religious affiliation to be removed from their records or amended,
Article 7 paragraph 1(e) specifies that citizens have to provide such
information.
Yet despite discussion for at least the past decade, Identity Cards still
carry a section giving the holder's religion. One of the major
contributors to the debate was Ahmet Necdet Sezer, who is now Turkey's
President, in his former capacity as Chief Justice of the Constitutional
Court. A committed secularist, he argued that, in a secular state, an
individual's religion should not be mentioned in official documents.
Changing religious affiliation on an individual's personal records was
possible before, but required an individual to do this through the courts.
Fear of social ostracism or hostility meant that few did this.
Although the new Personal Status Law appears to be a positive step, this
is not the case. In practice, individuals trying to change their religious
affiliation in their official records could still face problems. For a
start, they would have to tell officials - who could just record that the
individual had requested to change their religious affiliation without
actually changing it. At least this Law offers the possibility to remove
any religious affiliation from individuals' Identity Card, but if this
does not become common any official or police officer would then ask an
individual why no religion was given. Giving no religion would be
tantamount to an admission that the individual is possibly a Christian or
a Jew - the only faiths apart from Islam allowed to be listed.
It remains unclear how many people have asked to change the affiliation on
their official records since the new law came in. In the past, individuals
did of course change their religion, but were not always prepared to do so
publicly through the courts. The authorities have given conflicting numbers
of such converts. In February 2005 the Interior Ministry's
Directorate-General for Administration of the Provinces told parliament
that 344 people had converted from Islam to Christianity between 1997 and
2004, while six had converted from Islam to Judaism. No converts to other
faiths were mentioned. However, Minister of State Mehmet Ayd&#305;n,
quoting figures from the government's Presidency of Religious Affairs
(Diyanet) (see F18News 12 October 2005
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?articl e_id=670>), said 368 people had
converted "under the influence of missionary activities".
There is much hostility to the peaceful sharing of non-Islamic beliefs,
which may have been a factor in the murder of Fr Andrea Santoro (see
F18News 9 February 2006
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?articl e_id=724>).
The way officials record religion on personal records is predictable.
Children born to parents who are recorded as Muslims are automatically
recorded as Muslim. De facto, only three religions are permitted in the
records: Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Atheist or non-believer are not
in practice allowed as options. Nor are Baha'i or Jehovah's Witness, to
take two other examples. It remains unclear whether this has now changed,
though in practice the whims of the official are likely to override any
official decision. And if an individual asks to change the religion on
their identity card, there is no guarantee officials will also change it
on their personal record on the national register. And when you need any
official document, the first place officials look is on the register.
Islam, Islamic Minorities and Citizenship
In the Muslim world, there is a tradition that the nationality is Islam:
the nation is the umma, the body of Muslim believers. The concept of
citizenship separate from religion is not known in Islamic law and
tradition. Despite the government's insistence that it is "secular",
Turkey remains a deeply Islamic society so these views have a strong hold
on the population.
For almost a quarter of a century, Alevi Muslims have been pushing for
recognition as a distinct community able to organise themselves in
accordance with their own beliefs. But in May, Professor Ali Bardakoglu,
the head of the government's Diyanet <http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/english> -
which controls all official Muslim life in Turkey, despite the claimed
secularism of the state - declared once again that Alevis are de facto
Sunni Muslims. This is like saying that all Protestants are Catholics.
Predictably, Alevis were unhappy over this statement, which means that in
practice, the government does not recognise that Alevis and Sunnis are
different. The government maintains that Cem Houses, where Alevis worship,
are not considered places of worship but cultural centres. "We're not
against Cem Houses, but they're no alternative to mosques," is the
government message.
The Alevis are divided as to how to respond to the government's attitude -
some groups are broadly pro-government, some anti-government and some
pro-Kurdish. The Republican Education Foundation, which is under Alevi
control, is regarded as more ready to work with the government. It says it
does not want to see a separate government body to handle Alevi affairs,
but argues that taxes from Alevis are being used (or misused) solely on
Sunni mosques and imams. It insists that as Alevis are Turkish citizens
and taxpayers it wants to see their taxes used to support Alevi
structures.
Islamic groups that do not regard themselves as being under government
control - such as the Islamic brotherhoods (the Sunni Nakchibendis,
Mevlevis and others as well as the Shi'ite Bektashis) or new Islamic
movements (such as the Nurcus and Suleymancis) - are in practice left
alone. Yet there is no chance that the government will recognise Muslim
differences, even though Turkey has Sunnis, Alevis and a small Shia
minority. This indicates that the government is not just Muslim, but
specifically Sunni Muslim, despite its proclaimed secular nature.
Nationalism in Education
Discussion continues over changing the school curriculum to treat all
faiths in Turkey in a new way. The Alevis - like other religious
minorities - complain that no progress has been reached for their
teachings to be mentioned in school curricula. Further, Alevis have warned
that if the government does not introduce separate religious education for
Alevi children, they will lodge a case against it at the European Court of
Human Rights in Strasbourg - to which Turkey is subject, as a member of the
Council of Europe.
Education remains very nationalistic (see F18News 12 October 2005
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?articl e_id=670>). Some officials of
the EU and of EU member states have complained of what one privately
described as "massive nationalistic indoctrination" in schools. So it is
highly unfortunate that the Education and Culture chapter (Chapter 26) in
the EU accession negotiations was opened and closed on the same day,
without addressing this central point. Without change in the curriculum
and teaching, there can be no progress in a society whose nationalism has
a noticeable impact on social attitudes (see F18News 19 January 2006
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?articl e_id=716>).
Non-Muslim Minorities
Meanwhile, tensions for religious minorities remain high, as evidenced by
the murder of one Catholic priest and attacks on other priests this year.
Speculation persists that the "deep state" - the nationalist circles in
the army, police, National Intelligence Organisation (MIT) secret police
and state administration which regard themselves as the custodians of the
Ataturkist ideology - might have been behind the murder in February of
Italian priest Fr Andrea Santoro in his church in the Black Sea port of
Trabzon, an area well known as a nationalist stronghold. Other factors
behind the murder are also suggested (see F18News 9 February 2006
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?articl e_id=724>). Such attacks on
priests could spread to other nationalist areas. Some Catholic leaders
still have police outside their residences, though how an unarmed,
plainclothes police officer could offer any protection remains unclear.
Some wonder whether they are there more to listen to what those leaders
are saying than to protect them.
Of course, all religious minority leaders remain under government
surveillance, forcing them to be very cautious in everything they say - or
to be willing to pay the price for their frankness. They know their
telephones are occasionally tapped and mail is sometimes opened before it
is delivered. "Walls have ears," religious minority leaders say. Secretive
officials occasionally come to visit them to ask questions - people
speculate that they are from the MIT secret police.
In what is seen by Turkish Christians as a continuing humiliation, all
Christian Churches - whether their leaders and members are Turkish
citizens or not - are regarded as foreign. This attitude persists, even
though Christian communities were present on the territory of what is now
Turkey many centuries before the Turkish state, its ancestor the Ottoman
Empire, and Islam. Discussions between Christian Churches and the state
are normally handled by the Foreign Ministry, or sometimes by another
state authority chosen by the government. This humiliation is clearly
deliberate.
Nothing has happened about plans for the Ecumenical Patriarchate to be
able to reopen its seminary on the island of Heybeliada (Halki in Greek)
in the Sea of Marmara, once famed for its scholarship throughout the
Orthodox world. Closed in 1971, Turkey has grudgingly promised to reopen
it under US and EU pressure, but that now seems further off than ever.
Discussion has now fizzled out, though Patriarch Bartholomew always tries
to raise the issue whenever he can. The Armenians saw their Holy Cross
seminary in Istanbul closed at the same time, but have given up any hope
to be allowed to reopen it as a separate institution. Armenian Patriarch
Mesrop has instead proposed inaugurating a chair of Armenian Studies at
one of Istanbul's state universities - so far with no result.
Pope Benedict's Planned Visit
The planned visit of Pope Benedict XVI, due in November 2006, could also
raise tensions. Benedict is scheduled to meet the Turkish President and
government in Ankara, and address a selected public in the capital.
Presumably, the Pope will want to talk about relations between the
Christian and Islamic worlds and seek to overcome ideas about the "clash
of civilisations". The Turkish public is unlikely to be present. Any views
they might have of the speech will be formed by how the local media covers
it. In Istanbul, Benedict will meet the Ecumenical Patriarch, the Armenian
Patriarch and other local religious leaders, as well as the Catholic
community.
Most Turks either do not want the Pope to visit, or are indifferent to his
visit. Some Western-oriented Turks welcome it, as they think it could help
Turkish society better understand both the Catholic Church and western
views of Islam. Some of these Turks also hope that the visit will help
Turkey understand the progress it needs to make on religious freedom. But
nationalists who strongly oppose Europe and accession to the EU - who are
growing more influential - could cause headaches for the police during
Benedict's visit.
The government too will be closely scrutinising the Pope's words for any
hint of anything that could be interpreted as anti-Turkish and
anti-Islamic. As soon as any comments are linked to Turks as a people and
a society, problems will arise. The Pope will doubtless be very delicate.
The row stirred up by remarks about the Armenian genocide in the final
years of the Ottoman Empire made by the Armenian Catholicos, Karekin II,
on a visit in June is ostensibly related to a historical ethnic conflict
dating back ninety years. But it is relevant to a discussion on religious
freedom, especially as the Istanbul prosecutor's office decided to
investigate the remarks for a possible prosecution of the Catholicos for
"anti-Turkish remarks". The very prospect of a criminal case over these
remarks shows the lack of freedom of speech. But whenever religious
leaders are prosecuted there is a knock-on effect on the rights of the
religious community. The Armenian Apostolic community - the largest of
Turkey's Christian communities by far - was embarrassed by Karekin's
remarks, knowing they will make their already precarious existence more
difficult.
What Prospects for the Future?
The prospect of Turkey's EU accession seems to be the only thing capable
of driving change in the area of religious freedom and human rights more
widely. Yet the government is now not willing to enact change. Indeed, it
is becoming ever more nationalist - even if this might simply reflect the
AKP's need for votes from the nationalist constituency. It is careful not
to show too openly that it is Islamist, as this would cause problems with
the President and the military.
All this could change after the next parliamentary elections (due in late
2006 or early 2007) and the presidential election (due next year), if the
current ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) wins. If the current
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan - or a puppet - succeeds in becoming
President, the Ataturk legacy could be changed. There will then not be a
President willing to veto laws that contradict this legacy. This would
definitely lead to a worsening climate for religious freedom. The position
for Sunni Muslims would improve, while for Alevis the situation would
remain as restrictive as it is now. Despite the religious differences with
the majority population, the Sunnis are still seen as Turks. For other
minorities - especially Christians - the situation would be worse.
Government officials sympathetic to the ideal of secularism - and
secularists more widely - are growing increasingly concerned. They fear
that, if the AKP substantially increases its vote at the next election, it
would be strong enough to change the Constitution - even against the wishes
of the opposition. It could also install a President from its ranks, who
would not then veto laws deemed to be part of an Islamist agenda, as the
current President has done.
Secularists in particular are afraid for the future. Turkish diplomats -
who are already concerned over the changing mood among state officials as
an increasing number of AKP supporters fill official positions - are very
afraid of a fundamental change in the country's course. Many believe any
sweeping AKP victory in the next national elections would speed up the
replacement of state officials with AKP loyalists.
The old establishment is seeking to build up political forces attractive
to the electorate, in a last-ditch bid to head off the AKP challenge.
However, it remains unclear if the electorate will back them. Voters threw
out the old establishment in disgust at its corruption and ineffectiveness.
The AKP has been careful to be on its best behaviour during its current
period in office.
Although there is much talk of a military coup in the event of such
fundamental changes, no-one knows if the majority of army officers still
support Ataturk-defined secularism - or if they would be prepared to back
such an anti-Islamist coup.
Prospects for EU Accession
The level of optimism or pessimism over the future depends on who you talk
to. Western-oriented Turks still hope EU accession negotiations will
continue and that Turkey will eventually join the EU. They hope
desperately that the process will generate its own momentum that would
force the government, the administration and the army to look forward and
support reforms. This could happen, but it looks unlikely.
As the general election looms, the government is doing nothing that could
be seen as a positive step towards the reforms the EU would welcome.
Many observers are not optimistic. They do not believe the Turkish side -
whether the current AKP government or the "deep state" - is interested in
seeing such reforms. Many Turks have not even understood what religious
freedom - for example as defined in the rights set out in Article 9 of the
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) - actually means (see F18News 13
December <http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id= 704>). Or they
understand it - but reject it. Turkey ratified the ECHR in 1954, but over
50 years later has yet to abide by it.
Ataturkists fear that granting religious freedom as outlined in the
Convention would give power to the Islamists. Yet Paragraph 2 of the
ECHR's Article 9 prevents the abuse of religious freedom by freedom's
enemies. This states that "freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs
shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are
necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for
the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of
the rights and freedoms of others." Indeed, Article 9 would safeguard a
real separation of religion and the state, as the Ataturkists claim to
want.
This fear is also felt on the EU side, which means that it too is
increasingly reluctant to clearly advocate religious freedom along the
lines of the ECHR. EU governments also fear such rights would open the
doors to Turkey's Islamist groups. Although EU officials involved in the
accession process are interested in seeing religious freedom promoted
properly - indeed, they regard it as the second most important issue after
recognition of Cyprus - they seem to know that this is seen as a political
issue which is over their heads.
Many believe the accession negotiations will fail this autumn, not over
democratisation and human rights, but over the Turkish government's
refusal to recognise the government of Cyprus in Nicosia. Many Turks would
not be unhappy at this. Yet if the EU suspends the accession negotiations,
the Turks will feel insulted and spurned by Europe. Some believe the
European Commission is therefore trying to manoeuvre to find a way for
Turkey itself to suspend the negotiations.
Possible Impact on Religious Freedom
Yet any suspension will have a very negative impact on religious freedom -
indeed, the position for religious minorities could end up being worse than
when the negotiations started. Suspension would incite nationalist feelings
and many Turks would openly say that the negotiations and even membership
of the EU itself would not benefit Turkey. Then a hunt would begin for
those who had caused the mess. Most Turks would not point to their own
government but to the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the Armenian Patriarchate,
the Catholic Church, the Protestants, and other obvious symbols of the
outside world.
The only hope many can see for progress towards religious freedom is that
the EU accession negotiations continue. If EU negotiations stop
completely, no hope for religious freedom will remain. Yet even if the
negotiations stagger on, it is doubtful that the majority of the
population is prepared to change its attitude to nationalism and religion,
and even consider accepting Alevis and non-Muslim Turks as full Turkish
citizens. The only other possible hope is that the reform process will
gather its own momentum independent of the EU. However, at present, there
is little sign of this happening. (END)
- Dr Otmar Oehring, head of the human rights office of Missio
<http://www.missio-aachen.de/menschen-ku lturen/themen/menschenrechte>, a
Catholic charity based in Germany, contributed this comment to Forum 18
News Service. Commentaries are personal views and do not necessarily
represent the views of F18News or Forum 18.
For further overviews by Dr Oehring of religious freedom in Turkey, and of
the need for fundamental reform of the Constitution, see
<http://www.forum18.org/Analyses.php?region =68>.
For commentaries by the Anglican Chaplain in Istanbul on the roots of
Turkey's attitude to religious freedom see
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article _id=716>, and on Turkish
society's reaction to the murder of Roman Catholic priest Fr Andrea
Santoro, see <http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id= 724>.
For a personal commentary on religious freedom under Islam, see
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article _id=227>
For a personal commentary assessing western European "headscarf laws", see
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article _id=469>
A printer-friendly map of Turkey is available at
<http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpedition s/atlas/index.html?Parent=mideast&Rootmap=turk ey>
(END)
© Forum 18 News Service. All rights reserved. ISSN 1504-2855
You may reproduce or quote this article provided that credit is given to
F18News http://www.forum18.org/
Past and current Forum 18 information can be found at
http://www.forum18.org/
http://www.forum18.org/
The right to believe, to worship and witness
The right to change one's belief or religion
The right to join together and express one's belief
========================================== ======
Wednesday 26 July 2006
TURKEY: LITTLE PROGRESS ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
Despite hopes, there has been little progress in achieving true religious
freedom in Turkey, argues Otmar Oehring of the German Catholic charity
Missio
<http://www.missio-aachen.de/men schen-kulturen/themen/menschenrechte>.
Delays in changing the Foundations Law; declining official interest in
acting on EU and Council of Europe advice; the lack of concrete impact of
limited changes in the way the state records individual religious
affiliation; "massive nationalistic indoctrination" in schools; and
continuing systematic discrimination against Muslim and non-Muslim
minorities contribute to Turkey's religious freedom deficit. In this
personal commentary for Forum 18 News Service <http://www.forum18.org>, Dr
Oehring maintains that the Turkish government no longer seems willing to
improve the religious freedom and human rights situation. Many think that
EU accession negotiations may fail, and he suggests that this is likely to
end any progress towards religious freedom.
TURKEY: LITTLE PROGRESS ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
By Otmar Oehring, head of the human rights office of Missio
<www.missio-aachen.de>
The Turkish parliament has now departed for the holidays - without
approving the new Law on Foundations as it had been expected to do. The
proposed Law would regulate how "community foundations" - the
organisations allowed to some non-Muslim ethnic/religious communities -
own and recover property. Parliament said it would come back early from
holiday and reconvene in September, rather than October, to consider this
proposed law and other laws aimed to bring Turkish laws into line with
European Union (EU) norms. The aim is, reportedly, to approve at least the
Foundations Law before the EU reports again on accession in early October.
Although politicians and the EU are concentrating now on the Foundations
Law, this focuses only on one fairly narrow issue: what to do with
buildings and other property taken from religious communities by the
government and sold to third parties (see F18News 13 December 2005
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?articl e_id=704>). The government
cannot now give these properties back, so it will have to offer
compensation. However, it is not willing to do so and parliamentary
deputies think Turkey should not offer such compensation. As the European
Commission is telling the Turkish government it must do so, the issue is
deadlocked.
Despite the urging of the European Commission's Enlargement
Directorate-General that Turkey should use the good offices of the Council
of Europe, both to help it understand what needs to be done in the area of
religious freedom and to help draw up laws on religious freedom and the
status of religious communities, the Turks are reluctant. In April 2006,
the Turkish government contacted the European Commission to ask for
specialists who could advise on these issues. The EU was willing to send
three experts, two from the Council of Europe as well as a French expert
on "laicism". But to the astonishment of those involved, the day before
the experts were due to travel the Turkish government informed them there
was "no need" to come.
The involvement of the Council of Europe in helping Turkey's
transformation is very tricky. Its Venice Commission - which advises on
how constitutions and other fundamental laws could conform to European
democratic standards - could help Turkey on religious freedom, but can
only get involved if Turkey invites it to do so. But Turkey is not
interested.
Official religious affiliation records
One small step has been taken in the way the state records individuals'
religious affiliation. A new Personal Status Law approved on 25 April
gives citizens for the first time the possibility to ask the authorities
to remove information about their religious affiliation (or presumed
religious affiliation) from their official records. However, the law is
contradictory: while Article 35 paragraph 2 allows individuals to ask for
their religious affiliation to be removed from their records or amended,
Article 7 paragraph 1(e) specifies that citizens have to provide such
information.
Yet despite discussion for at least the past decade, Identity Cards still
carry a section giving the holder's religion. One of the major
contributors to the debate was Ahmet Necdet Sezer, who is now Turkey's
President, in his former capacity as Chief Justice of the Constitutional
Court. A committed secularist, he argued that, in a secular state, an
individual's religion should not be mentioned in official documents.
Changing religious affiliation on an individual's personal records was
possible before, but required an individual to do this through the courts.
Fear of social ostracism or hostility meant that few did this.
Although the new Personal Status Law appears to be a positive step, this
is not the case. In practice, individuals trying to change their religious
affiliation in their official records could still face problems. For a
start, they would have to tell officials - who could just record that the
individual had requested to change their religious affiliation without
actually changing it. At least this Law offers the possibility to remove
any religious affiliation from individuals' Identity Card, but if this
does not become common any official or police officer would then ask an
individual why no religion was given. Giving no religion would be
tantamount to an admission that the individual is possibly a Christian or
a Jew - the only faiths apart from Islam allowed to be listed.
It remains unclear how many people have asked to change the affiliation on
their official records since the new law came in. In the past, individuals
did of course change their religion, but were not always prepared to do so
publicly through the courts. The authorities have given conflicting numbers
of such converts. In February 2005 the Interior Ministry's
Directorate-General for Administration of the Provinces told parliament
that 344 people had converted from Islam to Christianity between 1997 and
2004, while six had converted from Islam to Judaism. No converts to other
faiths were mentioned. However, Minister of State Mehmet Ayd&#305;n,
quoting figures from the government's Presidency of Religious Affairs
(Diyanet) (see F18News 12 October 2005
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?articl e_id=670>), said 368 people had
converted "under the influence of missionary activities".
There is much hostility to the peaceful sharing of non-Islamic beliefs,
which may have been a factor in the murder of Fr Andrea Santoro (see
F18News 9 February 2006
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?articl e_id=724>).
The way officials record religion on personal records is predictable.
Children born to parents who are recorded as Muslims are automatically
recorded as Muslim. De facto, only three religions are permitted in the
records: Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Atheist or non-believer are not
in practice allowed as options. Nor are Baha'i or Jehovah's Witness, to
take two other examples. It remains unclear whether this has now changed,
though in practice the whims of the official are likely to override any
official decision. And if an individual asks to change the religion on
their identity card, there is no guarantee officials will also change it
on their personal record on the national register. And when you need any
official document, the first place officials look is on the register.
Islam, Islamic Minorities and Citizenship
In the Muslim world, there is a tradition that the nationality is Islam:
the nation is the umma, the body of Muslim believers. The concept of
citizenship separate from religion is not known in Islamic law and
tradition. Despite the government's insistence that it is "secular",
Turkey remains a deeply Islamic society so these views have a strong hold
on the population.
For almost a quarter of a century, Alevi Muslims have been pushing for
recognition as a distinct community able to organise themselves in
accordance with their own beliefs. But in May, Professor Ali Bardakoglu,
the head of the government's Diyanet <http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/english> -
which controls all official Muslim life in Turkey, despite the claimed
secularism of the state - declared once again that Alevis are de facto
Sunni Muslims. This is like saying that all Protestants are Catholics.
Predictably, Alevis were unhappy over this statement, which means that in
practice, the government does not recognise that Alevis and Sunnis are
different. The government maintains that Cem Houses, where Alevis worship,
are not considered places of worship but cultural centres. "We're not
against Cem Houses, but they're no alternative to mosques," is the
government message.
The Alevis are divided as to how to respond to the government's attitude -
some groups are broadly pro-government, some anti-government and some
pro-Kurdish. The Republican Education Foundation, which is under Alevi
control, is regarded as more ready to work with the government. It says it
does not want to see a separate government body to handle Alevi affairs,
but argues that taxes from Alevis are being used (or misused) solely on
Sunni mosques and imams. It insists that as Alevis are Turkish citizens
and taxpayers it wants to see their taxes used to support Alevi
structures.
Islamic groups that do not regard themselves as being under government
control - such as the Islamic brotherhoods (the Sunni Nakchibendis,
Mevlevis and others as well as the Shi'ite Bektashis) or new Islamic
movements (such as the Nurcus and Suleymancis) - are in practice left
alone. Yet there is no chance that the government will recognise Muslim
differences, even though Turkey has Sunnis, Alevis and a small Shia
minority. This indicates that the government is not just Muslim, but
specifically Sunni Muslim, despite its proclaimed secular nature.
Nationalism in Education
Discussion continues over changing the school curriculum to treat all
faiths in Turkey in a new way. The Alevis - like other religious
minorities - complain that no progress has been reached for their
teachings to be mentioned in school curricula. Further, Alevis have warned
that if the government does not introduce separate religious education for
Alevi children, they will lodge a case against it at the European Court of
Human Rights in Strasbourg - to which Turkey is subject, as a member of the
Council of Europe.
Education remains very nationalistic (see F18News 12 October 2005
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?articl e_id=670>). Some officials of
the EU and of EU member states have complained of what one privately
described as "massive nationalistic indoctrination" in schools. So it is
highly unfortunate that the Education and Culture chapter (Chapter 26) in
the EU accession negotiations was opened and closed on the same day,
without addressing this central point. Without change in the curriculum
and teaching, there can be no progress in a society whose nationalism has
a noticeable impact on social attitudes (see F18News 19 January 2006
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?articl e_id=716>).
Non-Muslim Minorities
Meanwhile, tensions for religious minorities remain high, as evidenced by
the murder of one Catholic priest and attacks on other priests this year.
Speculation persists that the "deep state" - the nationalist circles in
the army, police, National Intelligence Organisation (MIT) secret police
and state administration which regard themselves as the custodians of the
Ataturkist ideology - might have been behind the murder in February of
Italian priest Fr Andrea Santoro in his church in the Black Sea port of
Trabzon, an area well known as a nationalist stronghold. Other factors
behind the murder are also suggested (see F18News 9 February 2006
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?articl e_id=724>). Such attacks on
priests could spread to other nationalist areas. Some Catholic leaders
still have police outside their residences, though how an unarmed,
plainclothes police officer could offer any protection remains unclear.
Some wonder whether they are there more to listen to what those leaders
are saying than to protect them.
Of course, all religious minority leaders remain under government
surveillance, forcing them to be very cautious in everything they say - or
to be willing to pay the price for their frankness. They know their
telephones are occasionally tapped and mail is sometimes opened before it
is delivered. "Walls have ears," religious minority leaders say. Secretive
officials occasionally come to visit them to ask questions - people
speculate that they are from the MIT secret police.
In what is seen by Turkish Christians as a continuing humiliation, all
Christian Churches - whether their leaders and members are Turkish
citizens or not - are regarded as foreign. This attitude persists, even
though Christian communities were present on the territory of what is now
Turkey many centuries before the Turkish state, its ancestor the Ottoman
Empire, and Islam. Discussions between Christian Churches and the state
are normally handled by the Foreign Ministry, or sometimes by another
state authority chosen by the government. This humiliation is clearly
deliberate.
Nothing has happened about plans for the Ecumenical Patriarchate to be
able to reopen its seminary on the island of Heybeliada (Halki in Greek)
in the Sea of Marmara, once famed for its scholarship throughout the
Orthodox world. Closed in 1971, Turkey has grudgingly promised to reopen
it under US and EU pressure, but that now seems further off than ever.
Discussion has now fizzled out, though Patriarch Bartholomew always tries
to raise the issue whenever he can. The Armenians saw their Holy Cross
seminary in Istanbul closed at the same time, but have given up any hope
to be allowed to reopen it as a separate institution. Armenian Patriarch
Mesrop has instead proposed inaugurating a chair of Armenian Studies at
one of Istanbul's state universities - so far with no result.
Pope Benedict's Planned Visit
The planned visit of Pope Benedict XVI, due in November 2006, could also
raise tensions. Benedict is scheduled to meet the Turkish President and
government in Ankara, and address a selected public in the capital.
Presumably, the Pope will want to talk about relations between the
Christian and Islamic worlds and seek to overcome ideas about the "clash
of civilisations". The Turkish public is unlikely to be present. Any views
they might have of the speech will be formed by how the local media covers
it. In Istanbul, Benedict will meet the Ecumenical Patriarch, the Armenian
Patriarch and other local religious leaders, as well as the Catholic
community.
Most Turks either do not want the Pope to visit, or are indifferent to his
visit. Some Western-oriented Turks welcome it, as they think it could help
Turkish society better understand both the Catholic Church and western
views of Islam. Some of these Turks also hope that the visit will help
Turkey understand the progress it needs to make on religious freedom. But
nationalists who strongly oppose Europe and accession to the EU - who are
growing more influential - could cause headaches for the police during
Benedict's visit.
The government too will be closely scrutinising the Pope's words for any
hint of anything that could be interpreted as anti-Turkish and
anti-Islamic. As soon as any comments are linked to Turks as a people and
a society, problems will arise. The Pope will doubtless be very delicate.
The row stirred up by remarks about the Armenian genocide in the final
years of the Ottoman Empire made by the Armenian Catholicos, Karekin II,
on a visit in June is ostensibly related to a historical ethnic conflict
dating back ninety years. But it is relevant to a discussion on religious
freedom, especially as the Istanbul prosecutor's office decided to
investigate the remarks for a possible prosecution of the Catholicos for
"anti-Turkish remarks". The very prospect of a criminal case over these
remarks shows the lack of freedom of speech. But whenever religious
leaders are prosecuted there is a knock-on effect on the rights of the
religious community. The Armenian Apostolic community - the largest of
Turkey's Christian communities by far - was embarrassed by Karekin's
remarks, knowing they will make their already precarious existence more
difficult.
What Prospects for the Future?
The prospect of Turkey's EU accession seems to be the only thing capable
of driving change in the area of religious freedom and human rights more
widely. Yet the government is now not willing to enact change. Indeed, it
is becoming ever more nationalist - even if this might simply reflect the
AKP's need for votes from the nationalist constituency. It is careful not
to show too openly that it is Islamist, as this would cause problems with
the President and the military.
All this could change after the next parliamentary elections (due in late
2006 or early 2007) and the presidential election (due next year), if the
current ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) wins. If the current
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan - or a puppet - succeeds in becoming
President, the Ataturk legacy could be changed. There will then not be a
President willing to veto laws that contradict this legacy. This would
definitely lead to a worsening climate for religious freedom. The position
for Sunni Muslims would improve, while for Alevis the situation would
remain as restrictive as it is now. Despite the religious differences with
the majority population, the Sunnis are still seen as Turks. For other
minorities - especially Christians - the situation would be worse.
Government officials sympathetic to the ideal of secularism - and
secularists more widely - are growing increasingly concerned. They fear
that, if the AKP substantially increases its vote at the next election, it
would be strong enough to change the Constitution - even against the wishes
of the opposition. It could also install a President from its ranks, who
would not then veto laws deemed to be part of an Islamist agenda, as the
current President has done.
Secularists in particular are afraid for the future. Turkish diplomats -
who are already concerned over the changing mood among state officials as
an increasing number of AKP supporters fill official positions - are very
afraid of a fundamental change in the country's course. Many believe any
sweeping AKP victory in the next national elections would speed up the
replacement of state officials with AKP loyalists.
The old establishment is seeking to build up political forces attractive
to the electorate, in a last-ditch bid to head off the AKP challenge.
However, it remains unclear if the electorate will back them. Voters threw
out the old establishment in disgust at its corruption and ineffectiveness.
The AKP has been careful to be on its best behaviour during its current
period in office.
Although there is much talk of a military coup in the event of such
fundamental changes, no-one knows if the majority of army officers still
support Ataturk-defined secularism - or if they would be prepared to back
such an anti-Islamist coup.
Prospects for EU Accession
The level of optimism or pessimism over the future depends on who you talk
to. Western-oriented Turks still hope EU accession negotiations will
continue and that Turkey will eventually join the EU. They hope
desperately that the process will generate its own momentum that would
force the government, the administration and the army to look forward and
support reforms. This could happen, but it looks unlikely.
As the general election looms, the government is doing nothing that could
be seen as a positive step towards the reforms the EU would welcome.
Many observers are not optimistic. They do not believe the Turkish side -
whether the current AKP government or the "deep state" - is interested in
seeing such reforms. Many Turks have not even understood what religious
freedom - for example as defined in the rights set out in Article 9 of the
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) - actually means (see F18News 13
December <http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id= 704>). Or they
understand it - but reject it. Turkey ratified the ECHR in 1954, but over
50 years later has yet to abide by it.
Ataturkists fear that granting religious freedom as outlined in the
Convention would give power to the Islamists. Yet Paragraph 2 of the
ECHR's Article 9 prevents the abuse of religious freedom by freedom's
enemies. This states that "freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs
shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are
necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for
the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of
the rights and freedoms of others." Indeed, Article 9 would safeguard a
real separation of religion and the state, as the Ataturkists claim to
want.
This fear is also felt on the EU side, which means that it too is
increasingly reluctant to clearly advocate religious freedom along the
lines of the ECHR. EU governments also fear such rights would open the
doors to Turkey's Islamist groups. Although EU officials involved in the
accession process are interested in seeing religious freedom promoted
properly - indeed, they regard it as the second most important issue after
recognition of Cyprus - they seem to know that this is seen as a political
issue which is over their heads.
Many believe the accession negotiations will fail this autumn, not over
democratisation and human rights, but over the Turkish government's
refusal to recognise the government of Cyprus in Nicosia. Many Turks would
not be unhappy at this. Yet if the EU suspends the accession negotiations,
the Turks will feel insulted and spurned by Europe. Some believe the
European Commission is therefore trying to manoeuvre to find a way for
Turkey itself to suspend the negotiations.
Possible Impact on Religious Freedom
Yet any suspension will have a very negative impact on religious freedom -
indeed, the position for religious minorities could end up being worse than
when the negotiations started. Suspension would incite nationalist feelings
and many Turks would openly say that the negotiations and even membership
of the EU itself would not benefit Turkey. Then a hunt would begin for
those who had caused the mess. Most Turks would not point to their own
government but to the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the Armenian Patriarchate,
the Catholic Church, the Protestants, and other obvious symbols of the
outside world.
The only hope many can see for progress towards religious freedom is that
the EU accession negotiations continue. If EU negotiations stop
completely, no hope for religious freedom will remain. Yet even if the
negotiations stagger on, it is doubtful that the majority of the
population is prepared to change its attitude to nationalism and religion,
and even consider accepting Alevis and non-Muslim Turks as full Turkish
citizens. The only other possible hope is that the reform process will
gather its own momentum independent of the EU. However, at present, there
is little sign of this happening. (END)
- Dr Otmar Oehring, head of the human rights office of Missio
<http://www.missio-aachen.de/menschen-ku lturen/themen/menschenrechte>, a
Catholic charity based in Germany, contributed this comment to Forum 18
News Service. Commentaries are personal views and do not necessarily
represent the views of F18News or Forum 18.
For further overviews by Dr Oehring of religious freedom in Turkey, and of
the need for fundamental reform of the Constitution, see
<http://www.forum18.org/Analyses.php?region =68>.
For commentaries by the Anglican Chaplain in Istanbul on the roots of
Turkey's attitude to religious freedom see
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article _id=716>, and on Turkish
society's reaction to the murder of Roman Catholic priest Fr Andrea
Santoro, see <http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id= 724>.
For a personal commentary on religious freedom under Islam, see
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article _id=227>
For a personal commentary assessing western European "headscarf laws", see
<http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article _id=469>
A printer-friendly map of Turkey is available at
<http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpedition s/atlas/index.html?Parent=mideast&Rootmap=turk ey>
(END)
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