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Eurasia as the center of the conflict among great powers: Potential
developments and Turkey
Turkish Daily News; Jul 25, 2006
Part 1.
The Eurasian geography, over which the great powers have been fiercely
fighting since the beginning of the 1990s in the pursuit of their
economic interests and in which they aim at exporting their own
institutional systems and socio-cultural understandings, obviously
bears vital importance for Turkey as well.
The fact that the U.S. has taken much interest in Eurasia, which
bridges Europe to Asia, and has included it into the Greater Middle
East Project, inspires some strategists to dwell on the "Greater
Eurasia Project." Located at the center of Eurasia, Turkey should at
once benefit from its economic and strategic advantages granted by
its unique geographical position and develop new policies concerning
the region, which will certainly undergo significant socio-cultural
changes in the coming years. Turkey needs to reassess its own geography
in this way.
Extremely open to external influences, the Eurasian region has been
experiencing a sudden cultural shock common to all peoples that
found themselves independent unexpectedly and unprepared consequent
to the termination of long-lasting Soviet pressure. Yet, they
have been suffering considerable hardship while trying to accord
their institutional settings in tune with the new world order and
democratic practices. These are the two prominent characteristics of
the region. At this stage, it appears imperative to judge accurately
this current situation, understand the past and present state of
affairs in the region by taking into account both the history and
recent restructuring of Eurasia and thus draw some useful conclusions.
Retrospectively, first of all, the countries in the region, mainly
due to the power asymmetry caused by their geopolitical situation,
were no more than semi-colonies within a center-periphery relation
during the bi-polar era. In this respect, almost all states in
the Eurasian geography had to develop external relations based on
one-sided dependence, primarily to the USSR. In other words, most of
the so-called axis countries of the Cold War were, in varying degrees,
related to and dependent at different levels on either the United
States or the USSR, which in this context constituted the center. Once
emancipated from this one-sided dependence in the post-Cold War era,
these states had to come to terms with their disadvantage of power
asymmetry. After years of dependence on another state, the Eurasian
countries then found themselves in the position to survive on their
own. Thus, multilateral alliances and regional co-operation projects
have gained much importance.
At this point, it is necessary to elaborate on the regional interests,
goals and designs of the United States, which is generally seen as the
only global factor, and those of other countries, which are inclined
to share the United States' global power.
Soft war fought by the imperialist states in the region:
At a quick glance of the novel political trends, one would see that
the Greater Middle East and North Africa Project of the United States
unfolds to an "American Eurasianism." Today, consequent to a shift in
its rationale, the United States seems to ground its strategies in the
notion of "land power" and thus aims to extend its support, through
land forces, to the Anglo-Saxon naval civilization, which is in fact
greatly under American control. This scheme of acquiring territorial
dominance in Eurasia points to a new phase in American policy,
reinforcing the United States' uniqueness as a superpower. After
years of dependence on another country, the Eurasian states, in the
post-Cold War era, have acknowledged the fact that they now have to
take care of themselves.
The regional cooperation initiatives and multi-dimensional alliances
have gained significance for them. Nevertheless, due to their
socio-cultural characteristics, these countries have at the same
time gone through a change of consumer practices and a complete
cultural shock. Taking notice of the "newly-emerging" demands in these
countries, the Western powers have set their eyes on the region to
make the most of the situation. Of course, what these Western powers
possess as the instrument of influence is not delimited to their
communication means. The influence created by military and economic
institutions such as NATO is an important factor in this respect. It
is plausible to note here that the eastward enlargement of NATO,
which is an efficient power under American control, poses a potential
threat to not only Russia but Europe as well. The American tendency
first to control certain states militarily and then to shape them
culturally has become a common practice of the United States.
The United States desires that NATO operates on that principle. This
fact may even lead to the Americanization of Europe and give way to
a very effective cultural imperialism.
Moreover, such usage of NATO by the United States may harm the
way that Europe is perceived globally and thus weaken the EU in the
international arena. One point worthy of mentioning in this context is
that when compared with the Eastern culture or Russian hegemony, the
Western culture may appear more appealing to the peoples of Eurasia,
which are targeted in the war of economic and cultural influence --
or, as one may say, in the competition of distorting their cultures,
societal values or simply their way of living.
Turkey and Russia:
Nonetheless, it is important to underline here that Russia and Turkey,
both of which are at once European and Asian, have the potential to
come up with more realistic approaches towards the region's peoples
in compliance with their values, habits and cultures. Both granted
with the advantage of geographical proximity, both states could
be influential upon the socio-cultural setting of the region with
much lesser effort. On accounts that Russia, as an Asiatic power,
leans towards the West and Turkey shows the same orientation, these
two countries both have an upper hand in the Western attempts at
socio-cultural shaping of the region's peoples. Russia, which has
nowadays returned eastwards via the Shanghai Cooperation Organization,
is fully aware of such an advantage. Unfortunately, however, Turkey,
like in any other matter, is throwing its historical chance away by not
appreciating this potential. Turkey cannot currently put into motion a
Eurasian project because the government does not seem to take interest
in the issue and, second, the geographical distance between Eurasia
and Turkey sometimes breaks up the communication. Similarly, it is
a great disadvantage that Turkey does not share a common border with
Azerbaijan. In order that our country rules out such a disadvantage and
plays a remarkable role in the region, it is necessary to ally with
Azerbaijan and keep constant the currently tense Armenian-Georgian
relations on the verge of crisis.
Moreover, it is essential for Turkey, which is 75 percent dependent
on external energy suppliers, to exercise socio-cultural influence
over the region by making use of its historical legacy and thus to
access more easily Eurasian natural resources. Nevertheless, it should
here be emphasized that Russia as Turkey's potential, alternatively,
ally or rival in the region and its version of Eurasianism is nothing
to be underestimated.
Firstly, it is clearly a fact that the Russian Orthodoxy, which
is in essence a strict belief with nationalistic implications,
plays an important role in this region. As its economy enhances,
Russia is soon going to employ more coercive measures within its
Eurasianism. Particularly, the Central Asian republics, in which
Russian culture has been already fiercely maintained as the dominant
power, will be aimed at. Thus, Russia will succeed in cutting loose the
peoples of the region from the increasing American influence. Yet,
it will do this systematically in order to challenge the United
States, which is the prominent global power. The Eurasian geography,
in that sense, opens to the impact of the interplay of various ethnic,
religious, cultural and socio-economic factors and this situation
could lead to a change in the perceptions of sovereignty and unity
in the region.
* Ali Kulebi is the acting president of the National Security
Strategies Research Center (TUSAM). He can be contacted at
[email protected]_ (mailto:[email protected])
developments and Turkey
Turkish Daily News; Jul 25, 2006
Part 1.
The Eurasian geography, over which the great powers have been fiercely
fighting since the beginning of the 1990s in the pursuit of their
economic interests and in which they aim at exporting their own
institutional systems and socio-cultural understandings, obviously
bears vital importance for Turkey as well.
The fact that the U.S. has taken much interest in Eurasia, which
bridges Europe to Asia, and has included it into the Greater Middle
East Project, inspires some strategists to dwell on the "Greater
Eurasia Project." Located at the center of Eurasia, Turkey should at
once benefit from its economic and strategic advantages granted by
its unique geographical position and develop new policies concerning
the region, which will certainly undergo significant socio-cultural
changes in the coming years. Turkey needs to reassess its own geography
in this way.
Extremely open to external influences, the Eurasian region has been
experiencing a sudden cultural shock common to all peoples that
found themselves independent unexpectedly and unprepared consequent
to the termination of long-lasting Soviet pressure. Yet, they
have been suffering considerable hardship while trying to accord
their institutional settings in tune with the new world order and
democratic practices. These are the two prominent characteristics of
the region. At this stage, it appears imperative to judge accurately
this current situation, understand the past and present state of
affairs in the region by taking into account both the history and
recent restructuring of Eurasia and thus draw some useful conclusions.
Retrospectively, first of all, the countries in the region, mainly
due to the power asymmetry caused by their geopolitical situation,
were no more than semi-colonies within a center-periphery relation
during the bi-polar era. In this respect, almost all states in
the Eurasian geography had to develop external relations based on
one-sided dependence, primarily to the USSR. In other words, most of
the so-called axis countries of the Cold War were, in varying degrees,
related to and dependent at different levels on either the United
States or the USSR, which in this context constituted the center. Once
emancipated from this one-sided dependence in the post-Cold War era,
these states had to come to terms with their disadvantage of power
asymmetry. After years of dependence on another state, the Eurasian
countries then found themselves in the position to survive on their
own. Thus, multilateral alliances and regional co-operation projects
have gained much importance.
At this point, it is necessary to elaborate on the regional interests,
goals and designs of the United States, which is generally seen as the
only global factor, and those of other countries, which are inclined
to share the United States' global power.
Soft war fought by the imperialist states in the region:
At a quick glance of the novel political trends, one would see that
the Greater Middle East and North Africa Project of the United States
unfolds to an "American Eurasianism." Today, consequent to a shift in
its rationale, the United States seems to ground its strategies in the
notion of "land power" and thus aims to extend its support, through
land forces, to the Anglo-Saxon naval civilization, which is in fact
greatly under American control. This scheme of acquiring territorial
dominance in Eurasia points to a new phase in American policy,
reinforcing the United States' uniqueness as a superpower. After
years of dependence on another country, the Eurasian states, in the
post-Cold War era, have acknowledged the fact that they now have to
take care of themselves.
The regional cooperation initiatives and multi-dimensional alliances
have gained significance for them. Nevertheless, due to their
socio-cultural characteristics, these countries have at the same
time gone through a change of consumer practices and a complete
cultural shock. Taking notice of the "newly-emerging" demands in these
countries, the Western powers have set their eyes on the region to
make the most of the situation. Of course, what these Western powers
possess as the instrument of influence is not delimited to their
communication means. The influence created by military and economic
institutions such as NATO is an important factor in this respect. It
is plausible to note here that the eastward enlargement of NATO,
which is an efficient power under American control, poses a potential
threat to not only Russia but Europe as well. The American tendency
first to control certain states militarily and then to shape them
culturally has become a common practice of the United States.
The United States desires that NATO operates on that principle. This
fact may even lead to the Americanization of Europe and give way to
a very effective cultural imperialism.
Moreover, such usage of NATO by the United States may harm the
way that Europe is perceived globally and thus weaken the EU in the
international arena. One point worthy of mentioning in this context is
that when compared with the Eastern culture or Russian hegemony, the
Western culture may appear more appealing to the peoples of Eurasia,
which are targeted in the war of economic and cultural influence --
or, as one may say, in the competition of distorting their cultures,
societal values or simply their way of living.
Turkey and Russia:
Nonetheless, it is important to underline here that Russia and Turkey,
both of which are at once European and Asian, have the potential to
come up with more realistic approaches towards the region's peoples
in compliance with their values, habits and cultures. Both granted
with the advantage of geographical proximity, both states could
be influential upon the socio-cultural setting of the region with
much lesser effort. On accounts that Russia, as an Asiatic power,
leans towards the West and Turkey shows the same orientation, these
two countries both have an upper hand in the Western attempts at
socio-cultural shaping of the region's peoples. Russia, which has
nowadays returned eastwards via the Shanghai Cooperation Organization,
is fully aware of such an advantage. Unfortunately, however, Turkey,
like in any other matter, is throwing its historical chance away by not
appreciating this potential. Turkey cannot currently put into motion a
Eurasian project because the government does not seem to take interest
in the issue and, second, the geographical distance between Eurasia
and Turkey sometimes breaks up the communication. Similarly, it is
a great disadvantage that Turkey does not share a common border with
Azerbaijan. In order that our country rules out such a disadvantage and
plays a remarkable role in the region, it is necessary to ally with
Azerbaijan and keep constant the currently tense Armenian-Georgian
relations on the verge of crisis.
Moreover, it is essential for Turkey, which is 75 percent dependent
on external energy suppliers, to exercise socio-cultural influence
over the region by making use of its historical legacy and thus to
access more easily Eurasian natural resources. Nevertheless, it should
here be emphasized that Russia as Turkey's potential, alternatively,
ally or rival in the region and its version of Eurasianism is nothing
to be underestimated.
Firstly, it is clearly a fact that the Russian Orthodoxy, which
is in essence a strict belief with nationalistic implications,
plays an important role in this region. As its economy enhances,
Russia is soon going to employ more coercive measures within its
Eurasianism. Particularly, the Central Asian republics, in which
Russian culture has been already fiercely maintained as the dominant
power, will be aimed at. Thus, Russia will succeed in cutting loose the
peoples of the region from the increasing American influence. Yet,
it will do this systematically in order to challenge the United
States, which is the prominent global power. The Eurasian geography,
in that sense, opens to the impact of the interplay of various ethnic,
religious, cultural and socio-economic factors and this situation
could lead to a change in the perceptions of sovereignty and unity
in the region.
* Ali Kulebi is the acting president of the National Security
Strategies Research Center (TUSAM). He can be contacted at
[email protected]_ (mailto:[email protected])