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Genocide Denied, Genocide Repeated
Ninety-years after exterminating 1.5 million Armenians
Cross Cultures Magaizne
Kitchener (Ontario)
July 2006
Vol.15 #1, 2006
By Aris Babikian
Imagine a country that denies the Holocaust. Imagine that the same country
insists that Jews were killed because they were disloyal to Germany and were
also guilty of killing German soldiers during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
Bizarre? Fiendish? Ridiculous statements which do not deserve a response?
Yet something very similar has been asserted for the past 91 years by
Turkey. Despite hundreds of books by genocide scholars, tons of documents in
German, Austrian, British, French, American and Russian archives, eyewitness
accounts, diplomatic reports and countless Western newspaper reports, the
Turkish Government inexplicably denies that, in 1915, it committed a
deliberate, government-organized genocide against its Armenian minority.
It should be noted that unlike Holocaust deniers, such as Ernst Zundle and
Jim Keegstra, who constitute the lunatic fringe of society, the historical
revisionism in the case of the Armenian Genocide is being carried out by the
Turkish government.
Pre-Genocide Conditions
The Armenian Genocide was the first state-sponsored and painstakingly
planned Genocide of the 20th Century. The mass annihilation of the
Armenians from their 3,000-year-old ancestral homeland, during the First
World War, was the final act in a long history of repression and massacres
by the Ottoman Turkish Governments. In the dying days of the Ottoman Empire
the "Sick Man of Europe" and after signing the Berlin Peace Treaty of 1878
between Turkey and the Great Powers (Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy,
Russia, and Austria-Hungary), the treatment of the Armenians in the six
provinces of historical Armenia, under the Ottoman occupation, started
deteriorating. According to Article 61 of the treaty, the Sultan was obliged
to implement reforms at the Eastern Provinces where most Armenians lived.
Sultan Abdul Hamid (1876-1908), fearing the loss of further territory,
delayed the implementation of the promised reforms and between 1894-1896
unleashed unprecedented slaughters claiming 300,000 Armenian lives. In its
Sep. 10, 1895 issue, the New York Times headline read: "Another Armenian
Holocaust"
The July 1908 revolution by the Committee of Union and Progress "Young
Turks" against the bloody rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid brought fresh hopes of
civil and human rights reforms to the Greek, Armenian, Jewish, Kurdish and
Assyrian minorities. However, the crushing military defeats (1909-1913) of
the Ottoman Army in the Balkans and in North Africa, the migration of Balkan
Turkish refugees to the Armenian provinces and the fear of the revival of
the Armenian reform issue, aggravated the plight of the Armenians. The
January 1913 coup d'etat by nationalistic and extremist officers of the
Young Turks sealed the fate of the Armenians. After the successful coup d'
etat of the radical Young Turks, headed by the triumvirate of Ismail Enver,
Jemal Pasha, and Mehmed Talaat, a new ideology of expanding the empire of
Turkish-speaking people from Turkey to the Caucasus to Central Asia became
the modus operandi of the new government in Istanbul. The Armenians were
seen, by the Turkish nationalists, as an obstacle to a Pan-Turkish Empire.
The Outbreak of the First World War
The outbreak of the First World War was the perfect pretext for the
triumvirate to implement the "Final Solution" and "cleanse" the region once
and for all from the Armenians and create the dream Turkish Empire.
The 1915 Genocide campaign was different from the previous Armenian
massacres of 1894-1896 and 1909.
The 1915 extermination of Armenians was a carefully planned strategy. In
July 1914, representatives of the Turkish Government attended the Eighth
Annual Congress of the Dashnag Armenian party and asked the leaders of the
party to instigate the Russian Armenians to rise against the tsar when the
impending war broke out. The Dashnag leaders refused to involve the Armenian
people in such an adventure. Instead, they pledged that in case of war, they
would insure the loyalty of the Ottoman Armenians and they would enlist in
the army to defend Turkey. At the time historic Armenia was occupied by two
empires--the Ottoman and the Russian.
Dashnag's kept their word. Twenty-four hours after a secret military and
political treaty was signed by Turkey and Germany (August 2, 1914) and
general mobilization was declared, 250.000 Ottoman Armenians, between ages
of 20 to 45 enlisted in the Turkish army. On the Russian side, Armenians
were conscripted in the tsar's army. In 1914, The Turkish government
declared war on Russia by attacking the Russian fleet in the Black See. On
the Eastern Front, Enver launched an attack on the Russian forces and
occupied Kars. In early 1915, the Russian Army, with the help of Russian
Armenian volunteers, counterattacked and inflicted a crushing blow to Enver
in Sarikmish. Enver's humiliating defeat was the death knell of the Ottoman
Armenians.
Genocide in Motion
After the Sarikmish disaster on the pretext of Armenians treachery, sabotage
and collaboration with the Russian army, the ruling triumvirate issued a
decree to disarm the Armenian conscripts in the Ottoman army and herded them
into labour battalions. The 250,000 disarmed Armenian soldiers became the
first victims of the Genocide. Immediately afterwards the rest of Armenian
civil, religious, intellectual and professional leadership followed to the
death marches. Over 600 Armenian leaders in Istanbul and 2,345 in the
provinces were summoned, arrested and executed on the night of April 23-24,
1915.
After the Armenian elite was wiped out and the Armenian population was left
defenceless and leaderless to organise serious resistance, the third stage
of the Genocide was set in motion. Armenians were ordered to leave their
cities, villages and towns because of "military necessity." The Armenians
were not allowed to take essential goods or provisions of survival. Once the
women, children and the elderly were marched out of the populated areas, the
"Special Organization", Kurds and Turkish soldiers, who were supposed to
protect the deportees, attacked, raped, starved and killed the defenceless
caravans. The survivors were marched to the Syrian Dessert and either were
drowned in the Euphrates River or suffocated in a series of underground
caves- primitive gas chambers-near Deir el-Zor, in Syria. To cover its
heinous crimes, the Young Turks suspended the Ottoman parliament and issued,
on May 27, 1915, a Temporary Law of Deportation. Furthermore, to confiscate
to property and the goods of the deported Armenians, the Young Turks, on
September 27, 1915 issued the Law of Abandoned Goods.
Genocidal Intent
There are clear indications that whatever happened to the Armenians was not
the result of "civil strife," "rebellion" or "military necessity" as
successive Turkish governments claim. The Armenian Genocide was
state-sponsored and sanctioned plan. At a 1910 conference in Salonika, Young
Turks leader Talaat stated "there can be no question of equality [for
minorities] until we have concluded our task of Ottomanizing the empire."
Three months later the Young Turks leadership approved Talaat plan in a
secret meeting. The creation of the Special Organization in August 5, 1914
from released criminals, brigands and Turkish refugees from the Balkans is
another indication of the Young Turks' intent. Dissolving the Parliament at
the start of the WW1 was another indication of the Young Turks intent to
have free hand to implement their plan. German, Austrian, American and other
diplomats, missionaries and eyewitness reports, dispatches and accounts
further elaborate the premeditated intention of race extermination. In this
regard the German military and diplomatic sources are critical. Germany was
a military and political ally of Turkey and each unit in the Ottoman Army
had a German military advisor. No one can question or accuse the German
archives as war propaganda as the Turks do with the British, French, Russian
and American documents.
The disingenuous Turkish argument that Ottoman Turkey had no intention or
the ability to carry a plan of exterminating the Armenians at a time of war,
when the Turkish Army was preoccupied in fighting on many fronts, has been
refuted by impartial historians and even by some Turkish officials and
scholars.
The Turkish Military Tribunal, in its April 28, 1919 indictment against the
architects of the Genocide, stated: "The organization and execution of the
Armenian tragedy [associated with] the Armenian deportations was directed
and ensured through oral and secret instructions and orders." The Tribunal
further states that: "The massacre and destruction of the Armenians were the
result of the decision-making by the Central Committee of Ittihad ve Terakki
[the ruling Young Turks Party]. This question has been determined upon
following extensive and profound deliberation." In another section of the
indictment, the Tribunal makes unequivocal accusation that: [The calamity
befalling the Armenians] was not due to a particular incident; nor was it
limited to a particular locality. [Rather] it was organized by a unanimously
acting central body comprising the above mentioned persons [Talaat, Enver,
Jemal]."
General Vehib Pasha, Commander of the Turkish Third Army, wrote in a
deposition, read during the March 29, 1919 session of the Turkish Government
court martials: "The massacre and destruction of the Armenians and the
plunder and pillage of their goods were the results of decisions reached by
Ittihad [Young Turks] Central Committee . . . The atrocities were carried
out under a program that was determined upon and involved a definite case of
premeditation."
Senator Resit Akif Pasha, president of post-war state council, declared in
November 1918, during the debate on the Armenian massacres:" While humbly
occupying my post of President of State Council, to my surprise, I came
across a strange [combination] of official orders. One of them, was issued
by the notorious Interior Ministry, the order for deportation. The other,
however was an ominous secret circular issued by Ittihad's Central
Committee. It directed the provincial party units to proceed with the
execution of the accursed plan. Thereupon the brigands went into action and
atrocious massacres were the result."
Mustafa Arif, Interior Minister of Turkey (1918-1919), in a Turkish
newspaper interview in December 1918, stated: "Unfortunately, our wartime
leaders, imbued with a spirit of brigandage, carried out the law of
deportation in a manner that could surpass the proclivities of the most
bloodthirsty bandits. They decided to exterminate the Armenians, and they
did exterminate them. This decision was taken by the Central Committee of
the Young Turks and was implemented by the government."
Righteous Turks
Not all Turks were willing participants in the Genocide. Many righteous
Turks and men of integrity saved their Armenian neighbours and friends from
slaughter. Some Turkish officials such as the governors of Marash and
Aleppo, refused to carry the central government orders of massacring the
Armenians. For their disobedience, these governors and officials were
dismissed from their posts and punished. The Armenian Genocide is not a
religious conflict between Christian Armenians and Muslim Turks. The
conflict was brought because of extreme nationalistic leaders' ambition of
creating a new and expansionist Pan-Turkic Order.
If it wasn't for the Muslim Arab in the Syrian Peninsula many Armenians
would not have survived. In 1917 the Sharif of Mecca, Sharif Al-Hussayn Ibn
Ali, issued a decree for the protection of Armenians. In his decree he
stated "What is requested of you is to protect and to take good care of
everyone from the Jacobite Armenian community living in your territories and
frontiers and among your tribes; to help them in all of their affairs and
defend them as you would defend yourselves, your properties and children,
and provide everything they might need whether they are settled or moving
from place to place, because they are the Protected People of the Muslims"
Turkish Military Tribunal
On many occasions the Turkish government has employed the so-called "Malta
Tribunals," to justify that the Allies did not find conclusive evidence to
try Young Turks leaders for war crimes against the Armenians and thus
released them. There were no "Malta Tribunals." The British camp and
affiliated residences in Malta were strictly detention centres, where the
Turkish suspects were held for future prosecution on charges of crimes
perpetrated against the Armenians. However, largely because of political
expediency, the envisaged international trials never materialized. The
victorious Allies, lapsing into dissension and mutual rivalries, chose to
strike separate deals with the ascendant Ataturk. One such deal concerned
the recovery of British subjects held hostage by Turkey and who were to be
released in exchange for the liberation of all Malta detainees. Commenting
on this deal for the exchange, which he later deplored as "a great mistake,"
British Foreign Affairs Minister Lord Curzon wrote: "The less we say about
these people [the Turks detained at Malta] the better...I had to explain why
we released the Turkish deportees from Malta skating over thin ice as
quickly as I could. There would have been a row I think...The staunch belief
among members [of Parliament is] that one British prisoner is worth a
shipload of Turks, and so the exchange was excused."
It is, therefore, misleading to state that Turkish leaders were released
because the British did not find evidence to convict them. In fact the
Turkish military tribunal itself condemned (Dec. 1918-Jan. 1919) the Young
Turks leadership.
The tribunal cited "the massacres against the Armenians" in various parts of
the Ottoman Empire. It asserted that these massacres were "organized and
executed" by "the Ittihadist [Young Turks] leaders," a fact which was
"investigated and ascertained" by the tribunal. Among those convicted and
sentenced to death were interior minister, later grand vizier, Talaat, the
two top military leaders, war minister Enver Pasha, and minister of navy and
commander-in-chief of the Ottoman Fourth army, Jemal Pasha and Dr. Nazim.
In its final verdict, published in the Official Journal of the Ottoman
Empire (May 26, 1919) the tribunal concluded that "Members and leaders of
the Ittihad ve Tereakki [Young Turks] Party in Istanbul as well as in the
provinces were deeply involved in the activities of " Teshkilat I Mahsuse"
[Special Organization]. They used the Special Organization to carry out
massacres, for setting buildings and corpses on fire, for destruction of
villages, and dishonouring and torturing woman.
".As is evident from the details of its correspondence, the Committee [Young
Turks] had evolved and approved secret plans and special goals and had
recourse to the imposition of tyrannical measures of very kind in order to
have its programs accepted without exception.it is evident that the
Committee pre-planned and organized all the crimes which were committed. So,
the Committee ruled against Ottoman subject-individuals, communities and
peoples without exception, in order to attain its goals..."
World Reaction
At the time of the Genocide, newspapers around the world were full of
reports detailing what was happening to Armenians. Within two days of the
start of the genocide, on April 26, 1915, the Toronto Daily Star reported:
"Terrible Tales of Armenian Slaughter-Ten Villages Wiped Out in Massacres by
Mohamedans-Mothers Threw Their Babes in Rivers to Save Them From Death by
Hunger." The Nov. 29, 1915 issue of the Ottawa Journal headline reads
"50,000 Armenians massacred by Turks-Saturnalia of Slaughter by Refined
Methods as Young Turks Set Out to Wipe Armenian Race off the World." "Threw
10,000 People into Sea to Perish-Turks Have Practically Wiped Out the Entire
People of Armenia," the October 7, 1915 issue of the Toronto Daily Star stat
es. The Toronto Globe in its October 23, 1915 declared "Million Armenians
Wiped out by Turkey-Only 200.000 Armenians Inhabitants of Turkey Now Remain
in Country."
In addition to newspaper reports, thousand of American, German, Austrian,
Danish, Italian, Norwegians, French and British eyewitness accounts of
diplomats, military officers and missioners have been compiled.
On May 24, 1915, in a joints declaration Great Britain, France and Russia
stated "In view of those new crimes of Turkey against humanity and
civilization, the Allied governments announces publicly to the Sublime-Port
that they will hold personally responsible [for] these crimes all members of
the Ottoman Government and those of their who are implicated in such
massacres."
At the end of the war and as a condition of its surrender, Turkey accepted
its responsibility for the Armenian Genocide when it signed the Peace Treaty
with Armenia and the Allied Powers on August 10, 1920. Articles 88, 89, 90,
91, 92, 93 were included in the Treaty of Sevres to remedy the injustice
done to Armenian people as a result of Turkish Government's genocidal
campaign and the Turkish Government obligations to redress the Armenian
people's grievances.
The Great Betrayal
During the next two years two major developments in the Middle East and the
Caucasus were major factors in the Allies betrayal of the Armenian issue and
the Armenian people's quest for justice.
The discovery of oil (the Great Came) in the Middle East and in the Caspian
Sea and the success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia emboldened
Ataturk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey, to renegotiate the Treaty of
Sevres. The disunited and squabbling Allies, who were fighting among
themselves to get access to the oil fields and to stop the spread of
communism, yielded to Ataturk's demands and signed the Lausanne Treaty in
July 1923. According to the treaty the Armenian issue was scrapped and the
Treaty of Sevres commitments to the Armenian people and the creation of
Armenian homeland were excluded from the Lausanne Treaty.
Denial
For the past 87 years successive Turkish governments have denied the
Genocide. The Turkish government spends millions of dollars on public
relations firms, hiring top-heavy international PR firms to distort the
truth about the Armenian Genocide. It also organize junkets-in the style of
the old Soviet Union-for politicians and journalists to promote their
twisted version of history. Furthermore, they establish university chairs
to influence scholars to deny the Genocide. The Turkish government in its
propaganda campaign uses a battery of digressions, excuses, half-truths, and
obfuscations in its arsenal of denial. Let's examine some of these claims
and outline the historical reality of the Armenian Genocide by using mainly
Turkish, Austrian and German sources to expose the distortions of the
Turkish government. As Turkey's allies during WWI, Austria and Germany could
hardly be accused of anti-Turkish attitude.
The cornerstone of the Turkish government's policy of denial is that
whatever happened during WWI was inter-communal violence and the result of
Armenian rebellion. It was communal infighting if the organized attack of an
empire's army on an unarmed minority can be described as such. How could
unarmed Armenian population of mainly woman, children and elderly people
contemplate an armed struggle against a majority population backed by a
mighty empire, an ally of the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires? The
consensus among German and Austrian officials who were in Turkey was that
there was no rebellion by the Armenian population.
In a 72 page report to Berlin (September 18, 1916), German Ambassador Count
Wolff Metternich wrote: "There was neither a concerted general uprising nor
was there a fully valid proof that such a synchronized uprising was planned
or organized."
Describing the futile and spotty Armenian resistance, Dr. Max Erwin
Scheubner-Richter (German vice-consul in Erzerum, in eastern Turkey), wrote
in a dispatch dated Dec. 6, 1916: "They [the Turkish leaders] were planning
on fabricating, for the benefit of Allied Powers, an alleged revolution
stirred up by the Dashnak [Armenian] party. They also planed to inflate the
importance of isolated incidents and acts of self-defense by the Armenians
and use it as an excuse to deport the targeted population which then would
be massacred by escorting gendarmes and assorted gangs."
Vice-Marshall Joseph Pomiankowski, Austro-Hungary's military
plenipotentiary, who during the war was attached to Ottoman general
headquarters, described the self-defense of the Armenians as follows: "The
Van uprising certainly was an act of desperation. The local Armenians
realized that the general butchery against the Armenians had started and
that they would be the next victims." Collapse of the Ottoman Empire
(1928).
Chief among Turkish government distortions is the accusation that Armenians
sided with the enemy--tsarist Russia. Hans Wangenheim, German Ambassador to
Turkey stated: "It is obvious that the banishment of Armenians is due not
solely to military considerations. Talaat Bey, the Minister of the Interior,
has quite frankly said that the Turkish Government intended to make use of
the World War and deal thoroughly with its internal enemies. Turkey's goal
was to 'resolve its Armenian Question by the destruction of the Armenian
race."
In an Orwellian touch, Turkey calls the deportation of Armenians to the
deserts of Syria as "relocation . . . for their protection, from dangerous
areas." perhaps Jews were also 'relocated' from Danzig to Dachau for their
protection. An empire notorious for mistreating its minorities (Greeks,
Bulgarians, Serbs, Arabs, Jews,
and Assyrians . . .) apparently decided to 'protect' Armenians and send
women and children, without food and on foot, to the searing desert of
Syria, to die of hunger and exposure.
If Turkish Government's concern was to move Armenians from the war front,
why were countless Armenians relocated from the hinterland, thousands of
miles away from the war front?
The testimony of Ali Fuad Erden, the chief of staff of Jemal Pasha, the
commander-in-chief of the Fourth Ottoman Army, debunked Turkey's lame excuse
when he wrote in his memoirs: "There was neither preparation nor
organization to shelter the hundreds of thousands of the deportees."
Wolfdieter Bihl, in his 1975 book, The Caucasus Policy of the Central Powers
(Part I), unequivocally proves that Ankara's relocation claim campaign is a
ruse. He wrote: " .[The authorities] did not bother to deport the
Armenians; rather, massacres were perpetrated on the spot. In a singular
bloodlust torture and slaughter were resorted to.these measures were not
limited to the theaters of war but were extended to the Black Sea coast,
Cilicia and Western Anatolia."
To confuse people and to muddy the issue, Turkey and its apologists say that
more Turks died during the WWI than Armenians. The two losses are not
interrelated. Armenians had nothing to do with Turkish deaths. Turks had
everything to do with Armenian deaths. The Turkish losses were the result of
war against France, Britain, Russia and America. The Armenian losses were
the result of a government-sponsored plan of extermination. Even Turkey's
friends, such as Michael M. Gunter, reject such comparison: Mr. Gunter
wrote: "That even more Turks [than Armenian] also died during World War I
is both true, but largely irrelevant to the argument here because most of
the many Turkish deaths resulted from hostilities against the Allies, not
the Armenians."
Judgment of Experts, historians et all.
Hundreds of historians, scholars, Holocaust and genocide experts, and
statesmen have studied the relevant facts related to the events of 1915-1923
and have concluded that the massacre of the Armenians constituted genocide.
Indeed, every single independent panel of experts convened to review the
facts of these events has also so concluded.
There is no need to reinvent the wheel.
The UN Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of
Minorities, in a report adopted on August 29, 1985. Paragraph 24 reads: "The
aberration has unfortunately not been the only case of genocide [Holocaust]
in the twentieth century. Among other examples which can bee cited as
qualifying are the German massacres of Hereros in 1904, the massacres of
Armenians in 1915-1916.the Khmer Rouge massacres in Kampuchea between 1975
and 1978."
Furthermore, in Paragraph 73 of the same report reads: "The Turks also in
1919-20 held trials: not of 'war criminals' but of some of the Ottomans
guilty of the Armenian Genocide." The reports footnote 13 states: "At least
1 million, and possibly well over half of the Armenian population, are
reliably estimated to have been killed or death marched by independent
authorities and eye-witnesses. This is corroborated by reports in United
States, German and British archives and of contemporary diplomats in the
Ottoman Empire, including those of its ally Germany."
Jurist Raphael Lemkin, who drafted the UN Convention on Genocide and coined
the word "Genocide" in 1948, on many occasions cited the attempt to
annihilate the Armenians as a clear case of genocide as defined by the UN
Convention on Genocide. In his autobiography, Prof. Lemkin wrote: "I
identified myself more and more with the suffering of the victim, whose
numbers grew, as I continued my study of history. I understand that the
function of memory is not only to register past events, but to stimulate
human conscience. Soon contemporary examples of genocide followed, such as
the slaughter of the Armenians in 1915."
Elsewhere in the book he says:".A bold plan was formulated in my mind. This
consisted [of] obtaining the ratification by Turkey [of the proposed UN
Convention on Genocide. Ed] among the first twenty founding nations. This
would be an atonement for [the] genocide of the Armenians."
Non-Armenian and non-partisan historians have verified the reality of the
Armenian Genocide. The International Genocide Scholars Association (IAGS),
an eminent body of scholars who study Genocide, in its 1997 convention,
adopted a resolution unanimously reaffirming that: "The mass murder of over
a million Armenians in Turkey in 1915 is a case of genocide which conforms
to the statutes of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of Genocide. It further condemns the denial of the Armenian
Genocide by the Turkish government and its official and unofficial agents
and supporters."
Furthermore, the IAGS in its June 16, 2005 open letter to the Prime Minister
of Turkey, put to rest the issue of an "independent historians" commission
to study the Armenia Genocide when they declared:
"We represent the major body of scholars who study genocide in North America
and Europe. We are concerned that in calling for an impartial study of the
Armenian Genocide you may not be fully aware of the extent of the scholarly
and intellectual record on the Armenian Genocide and how this event conforms
to the definition of the United Nations Genocide Convention. We want to
underscore that it is not just Armenians who are affirming the Armenian
Genocide but it is the overwhelming opinion of scholars who study genocide:
hundreds of independent scholars, who have no affiliations with governments,
and whose work spans many countries and nationalities and the course of
decades... but to deny [the Armenian Genocide] its factual and moral reality
as genocide is not to engage in scholarship but in propaganda and efforts to
absolve the perpetrator, blame the victims, and erase the ethical meaning of
this history."
On April 23, 1999, more than 150 distinguished scholars and writers (among
them Nobel Laureates Seamus Heaney, Wloe Soyinka and Derek Walcott, in
addition to Deborah E. Lipstadt, Norman Mailer, Helen Fine, Robert Melson,
Arthur Miller, Joyce Carol Oates, Harold Pinter, Roger Smith, Daniel
Goldhagen, Susan Sontag, William Styron, John Updike, Kurt Vonnegut, Cornel
West, Henry Louis Gates, Alfred Kazin, Grace Paley, D. M Thomas,) published
a declaration in the Washington Post stating: "We denounce as morally and
intellectually corrupt the Turkish Government's denial of the Armenian
Genocide." They went on to recommend governments around the world "to refer
to the 1915 annihilation of the Armenians as genocide."
On June 9, 2000, 126 Holocaust scholars (among them Nobel Laureate Elie
Wiesel, Prof. Yehuda Bauer, Prof. Israel Charny, Prof. Irving L. Horowitz,
Prof. Steven Jacobs, Prof. Steven Katz, Dr. Elizabeth Maxwell, Prof. Saul
Mendlowitz, Prof. Jack Needle, Prof. Samuel Totten) published a statement in
The New York Times: ".affirming that the World War I Armenian Genocide is an
incontestable historical fact and accordingly urge the governments of
Western democracies to likewise recognize as such."
Noble Laureate for Peace and Holocaust survive Elie Wisesel wrote "Tallat
and Enver wanted to liquidate the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire.the savage
butchery in Armenia, the first genocide of the 20th century.the cold and
calculating brutality of the theoreticians of massacre, the scheming of
rapaciousness and the bloodthirstiness of the fanatical killers, the spirit
of sacrifice of the victims.the world is at war, but within this war another
war is waged between a Great Power and a targeted, persecuted and oppressed
minority. Deportations, forced marches, endless humiliation and mass murders
aimed at the extermination of a people in its entirety."
Conclusion
The Turkish government policy of denial reminds one of Orson Welles' hall of
mirrors in "Lady From Shanghai," where a single image is reflected ad
infinitum, without adding anything new. No credible historian gives
credence to the Turkish government propaganda and insistence on the same
revisionist views. The historical reality of the Armenian Genocide is well
documented. It is not what the "Armenians say" but what international
historians and genocide experts have said repeatedly.
The Canadian Senate (June 2002), the House of Commons (April 2004), the
government of Canada (April 2006) and the 3 largest provinces in Canada
(Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia) already recognized the Armenian
Genocide.
The Canadian Armenian community does not bear any animosity towards the
Canadian Turkish community. On the contrary, we sympathize with the Turkish
people. They have been misled for too many years by their own government. We
are confident that once the Turkish government halts its campaign of
falsification of history and focuses on the Genocide issue without hysteria
and paranoia, the Turkish people will acknowledge the misdeeds of their
predecessors and extend a hand of friendship to the Armenian people.
In recent years many righteous Turks-particularly scholars and
journalists -have spoken against their government's continued denial of the
Armenian Genocide.
In an interview with France's L'Express (Nov. 11, 2000), Halil Berktay,
Prof. of history at the University of Sabanci in Istanbul, said, "I believe
that we must rid ourselves of the taboos that surround the events of 1915.
for decades we have been putting Turkish opinion to sleep with the same
lullabies. Meanwhile, there are a ton of documents proving the sad reality:
diplomatic reports and their personal notes, testimonies that went West from
intermediaries from Christian schools established in the Ottoman Empire,
photos. I even cried upon discovering certain clichés." In a response to a
question if the taboo of the Armenian question will fall in Turkey, Prof.
Berktay stated, " We will get there when we live in a free society. It is
only under these conditions that we would be able to face the reality of the
horrors of 1915."
Significantly, over 12,000 Turks, members of the German-Turkish Association
Opposed to Genocide, signed a petition (Dec. 2000) stating: " what we have
learned at school [in Turkey] is a forgery of history." They asked the
Turkish Government to repent for the crime of Genocide which "we feel
morally obliged to end their [Armenians] disillusions and agony".
Furthermore, the association asked for "international condemnation of the
crimes committed against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontian-Greeks."
The intention of reaffirmation of the Armenian Genocide is to address the
injustice that took place 91 years ago and to play a positive role in the
healing process for the survivors and their descendants. The reaffirmation
is about joining the international community and sending a message to
despotic regimes that the civilized world will not tolerate crimes against
humanity, no matter when they happened and were they happened. The
reaffirmation is about condemning any attempt to rewrite history, and
finally, it's about
learning from the mistakes of the past to prevent future genocides. The
reaffirmation of the Armenian Genocide is a moral and ethical issue. We owe
it not only to the victims and survivors of the Genocide but to mankind
Because of the Turkish Government's refusal to face the country's dark past,
the process of healing-so essential to international peace and harmony-has
not even begun for Armenians. As genocide scholars have shown, the last act
of a genocide is the denial of that act.
The denial of the Armenian Genocide is an encouragement for its repetition,
as it eventually did happen in Ukraine, Germany, Cambodia and Rwanda.
Yesterday Armenians, who tomorrow?
We should not allow Hitler's contemptuous remark, " who remembers nowadays
the Armenians?" to haunt us forever.
Aris babikian is a journalist with Horizon Weekly and Nor Hai Horizon TV
program. He appeared on numerous TV and radio talk shows (Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation radio and TV, CFRB radio, Michael Coren radio and
TV shows, CTV, Rogers Cable, CFMT, CTS TV. etc.
a.. A City of Toronto municipal elections candidate (councilor).
b.. International elections monitor representing the Organization for
Security and Co-operation in Europe for the 2003 parliamentary elections in
Armenia.
c.. A human rights activist. Participated in the National (Canadian)
Umbrella Organization's roundtable on the "UN World Conference Against
Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance."
d.. Consulted with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to develop Canada's
international human rights policies.
e.. Participated in consultation meetings with high-level federal
officials regarding changes to the Canadian Immigration and Citizenship Act.
f.. Prepared briefs and testified at House of Commons Heritage Committee
hearings related to multicultural, Canadian culture and heritage issues and
Canadian Radio and Television Commission (CRTC).
g.. Chairman, Political Affairs Committee, Canadian Ethnocultural Council.
h.. Served on the media, immigration, census, and redress committees, and
is currently Secretary of the Canadian Ethnocultural Council.
Languages
English, Armenian, Greek, Arabic
Ninety-years after exterminating 1.5 million Armenians
Cross Cultures Magaizne
Kitchener (Ontario)
July 2006
Vol.15 #1, 2006
By Aris Babikian
Imagine a country that denies the Holocaust. Imagine that the same country
insists that Jews were killed because they were disloyal to Germany and were
also guilty of killing German soldiers during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
Bizarre? Fiendish? Ridiculous statements which do not deserve a response?
Yet something very similar has been asserted for the past 91 years by
Turkey. Despite hundreds of books by genocide scholars, tons of documents in
German, Austrian, British, French, American and Russian archives, eyewitness
accounts, diplomatic reports and countless Western newspaper reports, the
Turkish Government inexplicably denies that, in 1915, it committed a
deliberate, government-organized genocide against its Armenian minority.
It should be noted that unlike Holocaust deniers, such as Ernst Zundle and
Jim Keegstra, who constitute the lunatic fringe of society, the historical
revisionism in the case of the Armenian Genocide is being carried out by the
Turkish government.
Pre-Genocide Conditions
The Armenian Genocide was the first state-sponsored and painstakingly
planned Genocide of the 20th Century. The mass annihilation of the
Armenians from their 3,000-year-old ancestral homeland, during the First
World War, was the final act in a long history of repression and massacres
by the Ottoman Turkish Governments. In the dying days of the Ottoman Empire
the "Sick Man of Europe" and after signing the Berlin Peace Treaty of 1878
between Turkey and the Great Powers (Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy,
Russia, and Austria-Hungary), the treatment of the Armenians in the six
provinces of historical Armenia, under the Ottoman occupation, started
deteriorating. According to Article 61 of the treaty, the Sultan was obliged
to implement reforms at the Eastern Provinces where most Armenians lived.
Sultan Abdul Hamid (1876-1908), fearing the loss of further territory,
delayed the implementation of the promised reforms and between 1894-1896
unleashed unprecedented slaughters claiming 300,000 Armenian lives. In its
Sep. 10, 1895 issue, the New York Times headline read: "Another Armenian
Holocaust"
The July 1908 revolution by the Committee of Union and Progress "Young
Turks" against the bloody rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid brought fresh hopes of
civil and human rights reforms to the Greek, Armenian, Jewish, Kurdish and
Assyrian minorities. However, the crushing military defeats (1909-1913) of
the Ottoman Army in the Balkans and in North Africa, the migration of Balkan
Turkish refugees to the Armenian provinces and the fear of the revival of
the Armenian reform issue, aggravated the plight of the Armenians. The
January 1913 coup d'etat by nationalistic and extremist officers of the
Young Turks sealed the fate of the Armenians. After the successful coup d'
etat of the radical Young Turks, headed by the triumvirate of Ismail Enver,
Jemal Pasha, and Mehmed Talaat, a new ideology of expanding the empire of
Turkish-speaking people from Turkey to the Caucasus to Central Asia became
the modus operandi of the new government in Istanbul. The Armenians were
seen, by the Turkish nationalists, as an obstacle to a Pan-Turkish Empire.
The Outbreak of the First World War
The outbreak of the First World War was the perfect pretext for the
triumvirate to implement the "Final Solution" and "cleanse" the region once
and for all from the Armenians and create the dream Turkish Empire.
The 1915 Genocide campaign was different from the previous Armenian
massacres of 1894-1896 and 1909.
The 1915 extermination of Armenians was a carefully planned strategy. In
July 1914, representatives of the Turkish Government attended the Eighth
Annual Congress of the Dashnag Armenian party and asked the leaders of the
party to instigate the Russian Armenians to rise against the tsar when the
impending war broke out. The Dashnag leaders refused to involve the Armenian
people in such an adventure. Instead, they pledged that in case of war, they
would insure the loyalty of the Ottoman Armenians and they would enlist in
the army to defend Turkey. At the time historic Armenia was occupied by two
empires--the Ottoman and the Russian.
Dashnag's kept their word. Twenty-four hours after a secret military and
political treaty was signed by Turkey and Germany (August 2, 1914) and
general mobilization was declared, 250.000 Ottoman Armenians, between ages
of 20 to 45 enlisted in the Turkish army. On the Russian side, Armenians
were conscripted in the tsar's army. In 1914, The Turkish government
declared war on Russia by attacking the Russian fleet in the Black See. On
the Eastern Front, Enver launched an attack on the Russian forces and
occupied Kars. In early 1915, the Russian Army, with the help of Russian
Armenian volunteers, counterattacked and inflicted a crushing blow to Enver
in Sarikmish. Enver's humiliating defeat was the death knell of the Ottoman
Armenians.
Genocide in Motion
After the Sarikmish disaster on the pretext of Armenians treachery, sabotage
and collaboration with the Russian army, the ruling triumvirate issued a
decree to disarm the Armenian conscripts in the Ottoman army and herded them
into labour battalions. The 250,000 disarmed Armenian soldiers became the
first victims of the Genocide. Immediately afterwards the rest of Armenian
civil, religious, intellectual and professional leadership followed to the
death marches. Over 600 Armenian leaders in Istanbul and 2,345 in the
provinces were summoned, arrested and executed on the night of April 23-24,
1915.
After the Armenian elite was wiped out and the Armenian population was left
defenceless and leaderless to organise serious resistance, the third stage
of the Genocide was set in motion. Armenians were ordered to leave their
cities, villages and towns because of "military necessity." The Armenians
were not allowed to take essential goods or provisions of survival. Once the
women, children and the elderly were marched out of the populated areas, the
"Special Organization", Kurds and Turkish soldiers, who were supposed to
protect the deportees, attacked, raped, starved and killed the defenceless
caravans. The survivors were marched to the Syrian Dessert and either were
drowned in the Euphrates River or suffocated in a series of underground
caves- primitive gas chambers-near Deir el-Zor, in Syria. To cover its
heinous crimes, the Young Turks suspended the Ottoman parliament and issued,
on May 27, 1915, a Temporary Law of Deportation. Furthermore, to confiscate
to property and the goods of the deported Armenians, the Young Turks, on
September 27, 1915 issued the Law of Abandoned Goods.
Genocidal Intent
There are clear indications that whatever happened to the Armenians was not
the result of "civil strife," "rebellion" or "military necessity" as
successive Turkish governments claim. The Armenian Genocide was
state-sponsored and sanctioned plan. At a 1910 conference in Salonika, Young
Turks leader Talaat stated "there can be no question of equality [for
minorities] until we have concluded our task of Ottomanizing the empire."
Three months later the Young Turks leadership approved Talaat plan in a
secret meeting. The creation of the Special Organization in August 5, 1914
from released criminals, brigands and Turkish refugees from the Balkans is
another indication of the Young Turks' intent. Dissolving the Parliament at
the start of the WW1 was another indication of the Young Turks intent to
have free hand to implement their plan. German, Austrian, American and other
diplomats, missionaries and eyewitness reports, dispatches and accounts
further elaborate the premeditated intention of race extermination. In this
regard the German military and diplomatic sources are critical. Germany was
a military and political ally of Turkey and each unit in the Ottoman Army
had a German military advisor. No one can question or accuse the German
archives as war propaganda as the Turks do with the British, French, Russian
and American documents.
The disingenuous Turkish argument that Ottoman Turkey had no intention or
the ability to carry a plan of exterminating the Armenians at a time of war,
when the Turkish Army was preoccupied in fighting on many fronts, has been
refuted by impartial historians and even by some Turkish officials and
scholars.
The Turkish Military Tribunal, in its April 28, 1919 indictment against the
architects of the Genocide, stated: "The organization and execution of the
Armenian tragedy [associated with] the Armenian deportations was directed
and ensured through oral and secret instructions and orders." The Tribunal
further states that: "The massacre and destruction of the Armenians were the
result of the decision-making by the Central Committee of Ittihad ve Terakki
[the ruling Young Turks Party]. This question has been determined upon
following extensive and profound deliberation." In another section of the
indictment, the Tribunal makes unequivocal accusation that: [The calamity
befalling the Armenians] was not due to a particular incident; nor was it
limited to a particular locality. [Rather] it was organized by a unanimously
acting central body comprising the above mentioned persons [Talaat, Enver,
Jemal]."
General Vehib Pasha, Commander of the Turkish Third Army, wrote in a
deposition, read during the March 29, 1919 session of the Turkish Government
court martials: "The massacre and destruction of the Armenians and the
plunder and pillage of their goods were the results of decisions reached by
Ittihad [Young Turks] Central Committee . . . The atrocities were carried
out under a program that was determined upon and involved a definite case of
premeditation."
Senator Resit Akif Pasha, president of post-war state council, declared in
November 1918, during the debate on the Armenian massacres:" While humbly
occupying my post of President of State Council, to my surprise, I came
across a strange [combination] of official orders. One of them, was issued
by the notorious Interior Ministry, the order for deportation. The other,
however was an ominous secret circular issued by Ittihad's Central
Committee. It directed the provincial party units to proceed with the
execution of the accursed plan. Thereupon the brigands went into action and
atrocious massacres were the result."
Mustafa Arif, Interior Minister of Turkey (1918-1919), in a Turkish
newspaper interview in December 1918, stated: "Unfortunately, our wartime
leaders, imbued with a spirit of brigandage, carried out the law of
deportation in a manner that could surpass the proclivities of the most
bloodthirsty bandits. They decided to exterminate the Armenians, and they
did exterminate them. This decision was taken by the Central Committee of
the Young Turks and was implemented by the government."
Righteous Turks
Not all Turks were willing participants in the Genocide. Many righteous
Turks and men of integrity saved their Armenian neighbours and friends from
slaughter. Some Turkish officials such as the governors of Marash and
Aleppo, refused to carry the central government orders of massacring the
Armenians. For their disobedience, these governors and officials were
dismissed from their posts and punished. The Armenian Genocide is not a
religious conflict between Christian Armenians and Muslim Turks. The
conflict was brought because of extreme nationalistic leaders' ambition of
creating a new and expansionist Pan-Turkic Order.
If it wasn't for the Muslim Arab in the Syrian Peninsula many Armenians
would not have survived. In 1917 the Sharif of Mecca, Sharif Al-Hussayn Ibn
Ali, issued a decree for the protection of Armenians. In his decree he
stated "What is requested of you is to protect and to take good care of
everyone from the Jacobite Armenian community living in your territories and
frontiers and among your tribes; to help them in all of their affairs and
defend them as you would defend yourselves, your properties and children,
and provide everything they might need whether they are settled or moving
from place to place, because they are the Protected People of the Muslims"
Turkish Military Tribunal
On many occasions the Turkish government has employed the so-called "Malta
Tribunals," to justify that the Allies did not find conclusive evidence to
try Young Turks leaders for war crimes against the Armenians and thus
released them. There were no "Malta Tribunals." The British camp and
affiliated residences in Malta were strictly detention centres, where the
Turkish suspects were held for future prosecution on charges of crimes
perpetrated against the Armenians. However, largely because of political
expediency, the envisaged international trials never materialized. The
victorious Allies, lapsing into dissension and mutual rivalries, chose to
strike separate deals with the ascendant Ataturk. One such deal concerned
the recovery of British subjects held hostage by Turkey and who were to be
released in exchange for the liberation of all Malta detainees. Commenting
on this deal for the exchange, which he later deplored as "a great mistake,"
British Foreign Affairs Minister Lord Curzon wrote: "The less we say about
these people [the Turks detained at Malta] the better...I had to explain why
we released the Turkish deportees from Malta skating over thin ice as
quickly as I could. There would have been a row I think...The staunch belief
among members [of Parliament is] that one British prisoner is worth a
shipload of Turks, and so the exchange was excused."
It is, therefore, misleading to state that Turkish leaders were released
because the British did not find evidence to convict them. In fact the
Turkish military tribunal itself condemned (Dec. 1918-Jan. 1919) the Young
Turks leadership.
The tribunal cited "the massacres against the Armenians" in various parts of
the Ottoman Empire. It asserted that these massacres were "organized and
executed" by "the Ittihadist [Young Turks] leaders," a fact which was
"investigated and ascertained" by the tribunal. Among those convicted and
sentenced to death were interior minister, later grand vizier, Talaat, the
two top military leaders, war minister Enver Pasha, and minister of navy and
commander-in-chief of the Ottoman Fourth army, Jemal Pasha and Dr. Nazim.
In its final verdict, published in the Official Journal of the Ottoman
Empire (May 26, 1919) the tribunal concluded that "Members and leaders of
the Ittihad ve Tereakki [Young Turks] Party in Istanbul as well as in the
provinces were deeply involved in the activities of " Teshkilat I Mahsuse"
[Special Organization]. They used the Special Organization to carry out
massacres, for setting buildings and corpses on fire, for destruction of
villages, and dishonouring and torturing woman.
".As is evident from the details of its correspondence, the Committee [Young
Turks] had evolved and approved secret plans and special goals and had
recourse to the imposition of tyrannical measures of very kind in order to
have its programs accepted without exception.it is evident that the
Committee pre-planned and organized all the crimes which were committed. So,
the Committee ruled against Ottoman subject-individuals, communities and
peoples without exception, in order to attain its goals..."
World Reaction
At the time of the Genocide, newspapers around the world were full of
reports detailing what was happening to Armenians. Within two days of the
start of the genocide, on April 26, 1915, the Toronto Daily Star reported:
"Terrible Tales of Armenian Slaughter-Ten Villages Wiped Out in Massacres by
Mohamedans-Mothers Threw Their Babes in Rivers to Save Them From Death by
Hunger." The Nov. 29, 1915 issue of the Ottawa Journal headline reads
"50,000 Armenians massacred by Turks-Saturnalia of Slaughter by Refined
Methods as Young Turks Set Out to Wipe Armenian Race off the World." "Threw
10,000 People into Sea to Perish-Turks Have Practically Wiped Out the Entire
People of Armenia," the October 7, 1915 issue of the Toronto Daily Star stat
es. The Toronto Globe in its October 23, 1915 declared "Million Armenians
Wiped out by Turkey-Only 200.000 Armenians Inhabitants of Turkey Now Remain
in Country."
In addition to newspaper reports, thousand of American, German, Austrian,
Danish, Italian, Norwegians, French and British eyewitness accounts of
diplomats, military officers and missioners have been compiled.
On May 24, 1915, in a joints declaration Great Britain, France and Russia
stated "In view of those new crimes of Turkey against humanity and
civilization, the Allied governments announces publicly to the Sublime-Port
that they will hold personally responsible [for] these crimes all members of
the Ottoman Government and those of their who are implicated in such
massacres."
At the end of the war and as a condition of its surrender, Turkey accepted
its responsibility for the Armenian Genocide when it signed the Peace Treaty
with Armenia and the Allied Powers on August 10, 1920. Articles 88, 89, 90,
91, 92, 93 were included in the Treaty of Sevres to remedy the injustice
done to Armenian people as a result of Turkish Government's genocidal
campaign and the Turkish Government obligations to redress the Armenian
people's grievances.
The Great Betrayal
During the next two years two major developments in the Middle East and the
Caucasus were major factors in the Allies betrayal of the Armenian issue and
the Armenian people's quest for justice.
The discovery of oil (the Great Came) in the Middle East and in the Caspian
Sea and the success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia emboldened
Ataturk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey, to renegotiate the Treaty of
Sevres. The disunited and squabbling Allies, who were fighting among
themselves to get access to the oil fields and to stop the spread of
communism, yielded to Ataturk's demands and signed the Lausanne Treaty in
July 1923. According to the treaty the Armenian issue was scrapped and the
Treaty of Sevres commitments to the Armenian people and the creation of
Armenian homeland were excluded from the Lausanne Treaty.
Denial
For the past 87 years successive Turkish governments have denied the
Genocide. The Turkish government spends millions of dollars on public
relations firms, hiring top-heavy international PR firms to distort the
truth about the Armenian Genocide. It also organize junkets-in the style of
the old Soviet Union-for politicians and journalists to promote their
twisted version of history. Furthermore, they establish university chairs
to influence scholars to deny the Genocide. The Turkish government in its
propaganda campaign uses a battery of digressions, excuses, half-truths, and
obfuscations in its arsenal of denial. Let's examine some of these claims
and outline the historical reality of the Armenian Genocide by using mainly
Turkish, Austrian and German sources to expose the distortions of the
Turkish government. As Turkey's allies during WWI, Austria and Germany could
hardly be accused of anti-Turkish attitude.
The cornerstone of the Turkish government's policy of denial is that
whatever happened during WWI was inter-communal violence and the result of
Armenian rebellion. It was communal infighting if the organized attack of an
empire's army on an unarmed minority can be described as such. How could
unarmed Armenian population of mainly woman, children and elderly people
contemplate an armed struggle against a majority population backed by a
mighty empire, an ally of the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires? The
consensus among German and Austrian officials who were in Turkey was that
there was no rebellion by the Armenian population.
In a 72 page report to Berlin (September 18, 1916), German Ambassador Count
Wolff Metternich wrote: "There was neither a concerted general uprising nor
was there a fully valid proof that such a synchronized uprising was planned
or organized."
Describing the futile and spotty Armenian resistance, Dr. Max Erwin
Scheubner-Richter (German vice-consul in Erzerum, in eastern Turkey), wrote
in a dispatch dated Dec. 6, 1916: "They [the Turkish leaders] were planning
on fabricating, for the benefit of Allied Powers, an alleged revolution
stirred up by the Dashnak [Armenian] party. They also planed to inflate the
importance of isolated incidents and acts of self-defense by the Armenians
and use it as an excuse to deport the targeted population which then would
be massacred by escorting gendarmes and assorted gangs."
Vice-Marshall Joseph Pomiankowski, Austro-Hungary's military
plenipotentiary, who during the war was attached to Ottoman general
headquarters, described the self-defense of the Armenians as follows: "The
Van uprising certainly was an act of desperation. The local Armenians
realized that the general butchery against the Armenians had started and
that they would be the next victims." Collapse of the Ottoman Empire
(1928).
Chief among Turkish government distortions is the accusation that Armenians
sided with the enemy--tsarist Russia. Hans Wangenheim, German Ambassador to
Turkey stated: "It is obvious that the banishment of Armenians is due not
solely to military considerations. Talaat Bey, the Minister of the Interior,
has quite frankly said that the Turkish Government intended to make use of
the World War and deal thoroughly with its internal enemies. Turkey's goal
was to 'resolve its Armenian Question by the destruction of the Armenian
race."
In an Orwellian touch, Turkey calls the deportation of Armenians to the
deserts of Syria as "relocation . . . for their protection, from dangerous
areas." perhaps Jews were also 'relocated' from Danzig to Dachau for their
protection. An empire notorious for mistreating its minorities (Greeks,
Bulgarians, Serbs, Arabs, Jews,
and Assyrians . . .) apparently decided to 'protect' Armenians and send
women and children, without food and on foot, to the searing desert of
Syria, to die of hunger and exposure.
If Turkish Government's concern was to move Armenians from the war front,
why were countless Armenians relocated from the hinterland, thousands of
miles away from the war front?
The testimony of Ali Fuad Erden, the chief of staff of Jemal Pasha, the
commander-in-chief of the Fourth Ottoman Army, debunked Turkey's lame excuse
when he wrote in his memoirs: "There was neither preparation nor
organization to shelter the hundreds of thousands of the deportees."
Wolfdieter Bihl, in his 1975 book, The Caucasus Policy of the Central Powers
(Part I), unequivocally proves that Ankara's relocation claim campaign is a
ruse. He wrote: " .[The authorities] did not bother to deport the
Armenians; rather, massacres were perpetrated on the spot. In a singular
bloodlust torture and slaughter were resorted to.these measures were not
limited to the theaters of war but were extended to the Black Sea coast,
Cilicia and Western Anatolia."
To confuse people and to muddy the issue, Turkey and its apologists say that
more Turks died during the WWI than Armenians. The two losses are not
interrelated. Armenians had nothing to do with Turkish deaths. Turks had
everything to do with Armenian deaths. The Turkish losses were the result of
war against France, Britain, Russia and America. The Armenian losses were
the result of a government-sponsored plan of extermination. Even Turkey's
friends, such as Michael M. Gunter, reject such comparison: Mr. Gunter
wrote: "That even more Turks [than Armenian] also died during World War I
is both true, but largely irrelevant to the argument here because most of
the many Turkish deaths resulted from hostilities against the Allies, not
the Armenians."
Judgment of Experts, historians et all.
Hundreds of historians, scholars, Holocaust and genocide experts, and
statesmen have studied the relevant facts related to the events of 1915-1923
and have concluded that the massacre of the Armenians constituted genocide.
Indeed, every single independent panel of experts convened to review the
facts of these events has also so concluded.
There is no need to reinvent the wheel.
The UN Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of
Minorities, in a report adopted on August 29, 1985. Paragraph 24 reads: "The
aberration has unfortunately not been the only case of genocide [Holocaust]
in the twentieth century. Among other examples which can bee cited as
qualifying are the German massacres of Hereros in 1904, the massacres of
Armenians in 1915-1916.the Khmer Rouge massacres in Kampuchea between 1975
and 1978."
Furthermore, in Paragraph 73 of the same report reads: "The Turks also in
1919-20 held trials: not of 'war criminals' but of some of the Ottomans
guilty of the Armenian Genocide." The reports footnote 13 states: "At least
1 million, and possibly well over half of the Armenian population, are
reliably estimated to have been killed or death marched by independent
authorities and eye-witnesses. This is corroborated by reports in United
States, German and British archives and of contemporary diplomats in the
Ottoman Empire, including those of its ally Germany."
Jurist Raphael Lemkin, who drafted the UN Convention on Genocide and coined
the word "Genocide" in 1948, on many occasions cited the attempt to
annihilate the Armenians as a clear case of genocide as defined by the UN
Convention on Genocide. In his autobiography, Prof. Lemkin wrote: "I
identified myself more and more with the suffering of the victim, whose
numbers grew, as I continued my study of history. I understand that the
function of memory is not only to register past events, but to stimulate
human conscience. Soon contemporary examples of genocide followed, such as
the slaughter of the Armenians in 1915."
Elsewhere in the book he says:".A bold plan was formulated in my mind. This
consisted [of] obtaining the ratification by Turkey [of the proposed UN
Convention on Genocide. Ed] among the first twenty founding nations. This
would be an atonement for [the] genocide of the Armenians."
Non-Armenian and non-partisan historians have verified the reality of the
Armenian Genocide. The International Genocide Scholars Association (IAGS),
an eminent body of scholars who study Genocide, in its 1997 convention,
adopted a resolution unanimously reaffirming that: "The mass murder of over
a million Armenians in Turkey in 1915 is a case of genocide which conforms
to the statutes of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of Genocide. It further condemns the denial of the Armenian
Genocide by the Turkish government and its official and unofficial agents
and supporters."
Furthermore, the IAGS in its June 16, 2005 open letter to the Prime Minister
of Turkey, put to rest the issue of an "independent historians" commission
to study the Armenia Genocide when they declared:
"We represent the major body of scholars who study genocide in North America
and Europe. We are concerned that in calling for an impartial study of the
Armenian Genocide you may not be fully aware of the extent of the scholarly
and intellectual record on the Armenian Genocide and how this event conforms
to the definition of the United Nations Genocide Convention. We want to
underscore that it is not just Armenians who are affirming the Armenian
Genocide but it is the overwhelming opinion of scholars who study genocide:
hundreds of independent scholars, who have no affiliations with governments,
and whose work spans many countries and nationalities and the course of
decades... but to deny [the Armenian Genocide] its factual and moral reality
as genocide is not to engage in scholarship but in propaganda and efforts to
absolve the perpetrator, blame the victims, and erase the ethical meaning of
this history."
On April 23, 1999, more than 150 distinguished scholars and writers (among
them Nobel Laureates Seamus Heaney, Wloe Soyinka and Derek Walcott, in
addition to Deborah E. Lipstadt, Norman Mailer, Helen Fine, Robert Melson,
Arthur Miller, Joyce Carol Oates, Harold Pinter, Roger Smith, Daniel
Goldhagen, Susan Sontag, William Styron, John Updike, Kurt Vonnegut, Cornel
West, Henry Louis Gates, Alfred Kazin, Grace Paley, D. M Thomas,) published
a declaration in the Washington Post stating: "We denounce as morally and
intellectually corrupt the Turkish Government's denial of the Armenian
Genocide." They went on to recommend governments around the world "to refer
to the 1915 annihilation of the Armenians as genocide."
On June 9, 2000, 126 Holocaust scholars (among them Nobel Laureate Elie
Wiesel, Prof. Yehuda Bauer, Prof. Israel Charny, Prof. Irving L. Horowitz,
Prof. Steven Jacobs, Prof. Steven Katz, Dr. Elizabeth Maxwell, Prof. Saul
Mendlowitz, Prof. Jack Needle, Prof. Samuel Totten) published a statement in
The New York Times: ".affirming that the World War I Armenian Genocide is an
incontestable historical fact and accordingly urge the governments of
Western democracies to likewise recognize as such."
Noble Laureate for Peace and Holocaust survive Elie Wisesel wrote "Tallat
and Enver wanted to liquidate the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire.the savage
butchery in Armenia, the first genocide of the 20th century.the cold and
calculating brutality of the theoreticians of massacre, the scheming of
rapaciousness and the bloodthirstiness of the fanatical killers, the spirit
of sacrifice of the victims.the world is at war, but within this war another
war is waged between a Great Power and a targeted, persecuted and oppressed
minority. Deportations, forced marches, endless humiliation and mass murders
aimed at the extermination of a people in its entirety."
Conclusion
The Turkish government policy of denial reminds one of Orson Welles' hall of
mirrors in "Lady From Shanghai," where a single image is reflected ad
infinitum, without adding anything new. No credible historian gives
credence to the Turkish government propaganda and insistence on the same
revisionist views. The historical reality of the Armenian Genocide is well
documented. It is not what the "Armenians say" but what international
historians and genocide experts have said repeatedly.
The Canadian Senate (June 2002), the House of Commons (April 2004), the
government of Canada (April 2006) and the 3 largest provinces in Canada
(Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia) already recognized the Armenian
Genocide.
The Canadian Armenian community does not bear any animosity towards the
Canadian Turkish community. On the contrary, we sympathize with the Turkish
people. They have been misled for too many years by their own government. We
are confident that once the Turkish government halts its campaign of
falsification of history and focuses on the Genocide issue without hysteria
and paranoia, the Turkish people will acknowledge the misdeeds of their
predecessors and extend a hand of friendship to the Armenian people.
In recent years many righteous Turks-particularly scholars and
journalists -have spoken against their government's continued denial of the
Armenian Genocide.
In an interview with France's L'Express (Nov. 11, 2000), Halil Berktay,
Prof. of history at the University of Sabanci in Istanbul, said, "I believe
that we must rid ourselves of the taboos that surround the events of 1915.
for decades we have been putting Turkish opinion to sleep with the same
lullabies. Meanwhile, there are a ton of documents proving the sad reality:
diplomatic reports and their personal notes, testimonies that went West from
intermediaries from Christian schools established in the Ottoman Empire,
photos. I even cried upon discovering certain clichés." In a response to a
question if the taboo of the Armenian question will fall in Turkey, Prof.
Berktay stated, " We will get there when we live in a free society. It is
only under these conditions that we would be able to face the reality of the
horrors of 1915."
Significantly, over 12,000 Turks, members of the German-Turkish Association
Opposed to Genocide, signed a petition (Dec. 2000) stating: " what we have
learned at school [in Turkey] is a forgery of history." They asked the
Turkish Government to repent for the crime of Genocide which "we feel
morally obliged to end their [Armenians] disillusions and agony".
Furthermore, the association asked for "international condemnation of the
crimes committed against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontian-Greeks."
The intention of reaffirmation of the Armenian Genocide is to address the
injustice that took place 91 years ago and to play a positive role in the
healing process for the survivors and their descendants. The reaffirmation
is about joining the international community and sending a message to
despotic regimes that the civilized world will not tolerate crimes against
humanity, no matter when they happened and were they happened. The
reaffirmation is about condemning any attempt to rewrite history, and
finally, it's about
learning from the mistakes of the past to prevent future genocides. The
reaffirmation of the Armenian Genocide is a moral and ethical issue. We owe
it not only to the victims and survivors of the Genocide but to mankind
Because of the Turkish Government's refusal to face the country's dark past,
the process of healing-so essential to international peace and harmony-has
not even begun for Armenians. As genocide scholars have shown, the last act
of a genocide is the denial of that act.
The denial of the Armenian Genocide is an encouragement for its repetition,
as it eventually did happen in Ukraine, Germany, Cambodia and Rwanda.
Yesterday Armenians, who tomorrow?
We should not allow Hitler's contemptuous remark, " who remembers nowadays
the Armenians?" to haunt us forever.
Aris babikian is a journalist with Horizon Weekly and Nor Hai Horizon TV
program. He appeared on numerous TV and radio talk shows (Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation radio and TV, CFRB radio, Michael Coren radio and
TV shows, CTV, Rogers Cable, CFMT, CTS TV. etc.
a.. A City of Toronto municipal elections candidate (councilor).
b.. International elections monitor representing the Organization for
Security and Co-operation in Europe for the 2003 parliamentary elections in
Armenia.
c.. A human rights activist. Participated in the National (Canadian)
Umbrella Organization's roundtable on the "UN World Conference Against
Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance."
d.. Consulted with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to develop Canada's
international human rights policies.
e.. Participated in consultation meetings with high-level federal
officials regarding changes to the Canadian Immigration and Citizenship Act.
f.. Prepared briefs and testified at House of Commons Heritage Committee
hearings related to multicultural, Canadian culture and heritage issues and
Canadian Radio and Television Commission (CRTC).
g.. Chairman, Political Affairs Committee, Canadian Ethnocultural Council.
h.. Served on the media, immigration, census, and redress committees, and
is currently Secretary of the Canadian Ethnocultural Council.
Languages
English, Armenian, Greek, Arabic