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A PATRIARCH IN DIRE STRAITS
by John Couretas
Acton Institute
Feb 13 2008
MI
With the release of a new book, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew
I -- best known as the Orthodox Church's Green Patriarch for his
environmental activism -- offers a concise summary of the Eastern
Christian tradition and views on a wide range of social issues.
The publication of Bartholomew's "Encountering the Mystery" next
month arrives at a time of deep crisis for the patriarchate, a crisis
that has registered little interest among Europe's secularized
political classes or, for that matter, Christians outside the
Orthodox Church. The Ecumenical Patriarchate, located in Istanbul
on the historic East-West crossroads of the Bosporus Straits, has
been suffering a slow asphyxiation for decades. And it is not at
all certain that this ancient see of the Church, the living witness
of a Byzantine Christianity that has proclaimed the Gospel since the
establishment of Constantinople in the fourth century -- indeed since
the time of the Apostles -- will survive.
Bartholomew, a Turkish citizen, presides over a flock of Orthodox
Christians that has shrunk to 3,000-4,000 members, one of the smallest
religious minorities in a land of 72 million people that is 99 percent
Muslim. The other constitutionally recognized minorities include
some 65,000 Armenian Orthodox Christians and 23,000 Jews. But there
are significant minorities of non-Muslim believers, including Syriac
Orthodox, Baha'is, Protestants, and Roman Catholics.
Who will follow?
By law, Bartholomew must choose a successor who is a Turkish
citizen and thus subject to a constitution that enshrines the modern,
secularist principles formulated by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the national
hero who established the modern state of Turkey after the collapse of
the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. But the patriarchate
has long been viewed with suspicion by Turkish nationalists who see
it as a "foreign" institution that often sided with Greece in the
centuries-old, warring rivalry with Turkey.
In 1971, the Turkish government shut down Halki, the partriarchal
seminary on Heybeliada Island in the Sea of Marmara. And it has
progressively confiscated Orthodox Church properties, including the
expropriation of the Bûyûkada Orphanage for Boys on the Prince's
Islands (and properties belonging to an Armenian Orthodox hospital
foundation). These expropriations happen as religious minorities report
problems associated with opening, maintaining, and operating houses of
worship. Many services are held in secret. Indeed, Turkey is a place
where proselytizing for Christian and even Muslim minority sects can
still get a person hauled into court on charges of "publicly insulting
Turkishness." This law has also been used against journalists and
writers, including novelist Orhan Pamuk for mentioning the Armenian
genocide and Turkey's treatment of the Kurds.
In a 2005 report on the Halki Seminary controversy, the Turkish think
tank TESEV examined what it called the "the illogical legal grounds"
behind the closing and how it violates the terms of the 1923 peace
treaty of Lausanne signed by Turkey and Europe's great powers. TESEV
concluded that "the contemporary level of civil society and global
democratic principles established by the state, are in further
contradiction with the goal to become an EU member." And, because
of its inability to train Turkish candidates for the priesthood,
TESEV warned: "It is highly probable that the Patriarchate will not
be able to find Patriarch candidates within 30-40 years and thus,
will naturally fade away."
The patriarch's solution to Turkey's problems -- and that of
religious minorities -- is to move the country to a more Western
model of tolerance and religious freedom by bringing it into the
European Union. "It is my conviction that the accession of Turkey
to the European Union would benefit all of its citizens, including
the minority communities of the country," Bartholomew writes in
his new book. "For Turkey would be required to make significant,
indeed substantial modifications to its legislation, adhering to the
principles of other European nations."
The EU Card
Unfortunately, recent history is not so favorable to this view. It is
a doubtful proposition that the EU mandarins in Brussels, who resisted
any effort to mention the Christian roots of European civilization
in a failed draft constitution, would come rushing to the aid of the
Patriarchate and other religious minorities.
Tellingly, Turkish authorities still refuse to acknowledge the
Armenian Genocide, which claimed 1.5 million lives at the hands of
the Ottoman Turks around the time of World War I. Armenian Orthodox
Patriarch Mesrob II, also facing a shortage of clergy, is pleading
with the Turkish government for permission to open a seminary.
In its 2007 report on religious freedom in Turkey, the U.S. State
Department reported a number of religiously motivated killings,
stabbings and beatings of Christians and their religious leaders,
along with attacks on church properties. In April, three members of a
Protestant church in Malatya were tortured and killed in a Christian
publishing office. In February 2006, Roman Catholic priest Andrea
Santoro was gunned down in his church along the Black Sea coast.
Witnesses said the killer screamed "Allahu Akbar," Arabic for "God is
great," before firing two bullets into Santoro's back as he kneeled
to pray. Death threats made to American Christians are widely noted.
Indeed, Turkish society itself is deeply conflicted about its
secularizing principles and a resurgence of Islamist sentiment. In the
past week, major cities have seen street demonstrations triggered by
a proposal to lift the ban on Muslim women wearing the traditional
headscarf at universities. Writing in Hurriyet, the Turkish daily,
commentator Bekir Coskun asked if lifting the ban on the headscarf
was a step toward the Arab culture of the middle ages. "Would someone
please explain to me what kind of 'nationalism' this is, turning the
most beautiful culture in the world, a culture that exists in some
of the best geography in the world, towards Arabistan?" Coskun asked.
Unfortunately, the gravity of the situation facing the Ecumenical
Patriarchate and other religious minorities in Turkey hasn't much
moved the passions of America's opinion shapers.
In a Jan. 25 review of Bartholomew's "Encountering the Mystery"
in the Wall Street Journal, Charlotte Allen dismisses the book as
a collection of "bromides" and "platitudes" designed to appeal to
secular progressives (except, presumably, for the parts on monasticism,
prayer and theology). She mocks the Patriarch's writings as simply
"yadda yadda yadda." Allen also describes Bartholomew as a sort of
"pope," an abysmally misapplied term for him, as anyone familiar with
Eastern Orthodox tradition understands. But, helpfully, she announces
that Orthodoxy "is not dead yet." You can almost hear the collective
sigh of relief from 300 million Orthodox Christians all over the world.
People concerned about religious freedom, and those groups established
to promote religious tolerance and freedom, should raise the public's
awareness about what is happening to the Ecumenical Patriarchate and
other religious minorities in Turkey. A growing movement to establish
civil society think tanks in Turkey should be encouraged as one of an
important means of building up that country's ability to work out its
own conflicts -- on its own terms -- about religious freedom. With
that, perhaps, respect for the rights of religious minorities will
soon become a defining element of "Turkishness."
--Boundary_(ID_nWjJGYgMB mapZfmdTmve2Q)--
by John Couretas
Acton Institute
Feb 13 2008
MI
With the release of a new book, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew
I -- best known as the Orthodox Church's Green Patriarch for his
environmental activism -- offers a concise summary of the Eastern
Christian tradition and views on a wide range of social issues.
The publication of Bartholomew's "Encountering the Mystery" next
month arrives at a time of deep crisis for the patriarchate, a crisis
that has registered little interest among Europe's secularized
political classes or, for that matter, Christians outside the
Orthodox Church. The Ecumenical Patriarchate, located in Istanbul
on the historic East-West crossroads of the Bosporus Straits, has
been suffering a slow asphyxiation for decades. And it is not at
all certain that this ancient see of the Church, the living witness
of a Byzantine Christianity that has proclaimed the Gospel since the
establishment of Constantinople in the fourth century -- indeed since
the time of the Apostles -- will survive.
Bartholomew, a Turkish citizen, presides over a flock of Orthodox
Christians that has shrunk to 3,000-4,000 members, one of the smallest
religious minorities in a land of 72 million people that is 99 percent
Muslim. The other constitutionally recognized minorities include
some 65,000 Armenian Orthodox Christians and 23,000 Jews. But there
are significant minorities of non-Muslim believers, including Syriac
Orthodox, Baha'is, Protestants, and Roman Catholics.
Who will follow?
By law, Bartholomew must choose a successor who is a Turkish
citizen and thus subject to a constitution that enshrines the modern,
secularist principles formulated by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the national
hero who established the modern state of Turkey after the collapse of
the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. But the patriarchate
has long been viewed with suspicion by Turkish nationalists who see
it as a "foreign" institution that often sided with Greece in the
centuries-old, warring rivalry with Turkey.
In 1971, the Turkish government shut down Halki, the partriarchal
seminary on Heybeliada Island in the Sea of Marmara. And it has
progressively confiscated Orthodox Church properties, including the
expropriation of the Bûyûkada Orphanage for Boys on the Prince's
Islands (and properties belonging to an Armenian Orthodox hospital
foundation). These expropriations happen as religious minorities report
problems associated with opening, maintaining, and operating houses of
worship. Many services are held in secret. Indeed, Turkey is a place
where proselytizing for Christian and even Muslim minority sects can
still get a person hauled into court on charges of "publicly insulting
Turkishness." This law has also been used against journalists and
writers, including novelist Orhan Pamuk for mentioning the Armenian
genocide and Turkey's treatment of the Kurds.
In a 2005 report on the Halki Seminary controversy, the Turkish think
tank TESEV examined what it called the "the illogical legal grounds"
behind the closing and how it violates the terms of the 1923 peace
treaty of Lausanne signed by Turkey and Europe's great powers. TESEV
concluded that "the contemporary level of civil society and global
democratic principles established by the state, are in further
contradiction with the goal to become an EU member." And, because
of its inability to train Turkish candidates for the priesthood,
TESEV warned: "It is highly probable that the Patriarchate will not
be able to find Patriarch candidates within 30-40 years and thus,
will naturally fade away."
The patriarch's solution to Turkey's problems -- and that of
religious minorities -- is to move the country to a more Western
model of tolerance and religious freedom by bringing it into the
European Union. "It is my conviction that the accession of Turkey
to the European Union would benefit all of its citizens, including
the minority communities of the country," Bartholomew writes in
his new book. "For Turkey would be required to make significant,
indeed substantial modifications to its legislation, adhering to the
principles of other European nations."
The EU Card
Unfortunately, recent history is not so favorable to this view. It is
a doubtful proposition that the EU mandarins in Brussels, who resisted
any effort to mention the Christian roots of European civilization
in a failed draft constitution, would come rushing to the aid of the
Patriarchate and other religious minorities.
Tellingly, Turkish authorities still refuse to acknowledge the
Armenian Genocide, which claimed 1.5 million lives at the hands of
the Ottoman Turks around the time of World War I. Armenian Orthodox
Patriarch Mesrob II, also facing a shortage of clergy, is pleading
with the Turkish government for permission to open a seminary.
In its 2007 report on religious freedom in Turkey, the U.S. State
Department reported a number of religiously motivated killings,
stabbings and beatings of Christians and their religious leaders,
along with attacks on church properties. In April, three members of a
Protestant church in Malatya were tortured and killed in a Christian
publishing office. In February 2006, Roman Catholic priest Andrea
Santoro was gunned down in his church along the Black Sea coast.
Witnesses said the killer screamed "Allahu Akbar," Arabic for "God is
great," before firing two bullets into Santoro's back as he kneeled
to pray. Death threats made to American Christians are widely noted.
Indeed, Turkish society itself is deeply conflicted about its
secularizing principles and a resurgence of Islamist sentiment. In the
past week, major cities have seen street demonstrations triggered by
a proposal to lift the ban on Muslim women wearing the traditional
headscarf at universities. Writing in Hurriyet, the Turkish daily,
commentator Bekir Coskun asked if lifting the ban on the headscarf
was a step toward the Arab culture of the middle ages. "Would someone
please explain to me what kind of 'nationalism' this is, turning the
most beautiful culture in the world, a culture that exists in some
of the best geography in the world, towards Arabistan?" Coskun asked.
Unfortunately, the gravity of the situation facing the Ecumenical
Patriarchate and other religious minorities in Turkey hasn't much
moved the passions of America's opinion shapers.
In a Jan. 25 review of Bartholomew's "Encountering the Mystery"
in the Wall Street Journal, Charlotte Allen dismisses the book as
a collection of "bromides" and "platitudes" designed to appeal to
secular progressives (except, presumably, for the parts on monasticism,
prayer and theology). She mocks the Patriarch's writings as simply
"yadda yadda yadda." Allen also describes Bartholomew as a sort of
"pope," an abysmally misapplied term for him, as anyone familiar with
Eastern Orthodox tradition understands. But, helpfully, she announces
that Orthodoxy "is not dead yet." You can almost hear the collective
sigh of relief from 300 million Orthodox Christians all over the world.
People concerned about religious freedom, and those groups established
to promote religious tolerance and freedom, should raise the public's
awareness about what is happening to the Ecumenical Patriarchate and
other religious minorities in Turkey. A growing movement to establish
civil society think tanks in Turkey should be encouraged as one of an
important means of building up that country's ability to work out its
own conflicts -- on its own terms -- about religious freedom. With
that, perhaps, respect for the rights of religious minorities will
soon become a defining element of "Turkishness."
--Boundary_(ID_nWjJGYgMB mapZfmdTmve2Q)--