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28 February 2009
Do these mysterious stones mark the site of the Garden of Eden?
By Tom Cox
Last updated at 9:10 PM on 28th February 2009
For the old Kurdish shepherd, it was just another burning hot day in the
rolling plains of eastern Turkey. Following his flock over the arid
hillsides, he passed the single mulberry tree, which the locals regarded
as 'sacred'. The bells on his sheep tinkled in the stillness. Then he
spotted something. Crouching down, he brushed away the dust, and exposed
a strange, large, oblong stone.
The man looked left and right: there were similar stone rectangles,
peeping from the sands. Calling his dog to heel, the shepherd resolved
to inform someone of his finds when he got back to the village. Maybe
the stones were important.
They certainly were important. The solitary Kurdish man, on that
summer's day in 1994, had made the greatest archaeological discovery in
50 years. Others would say he'd made the greatest archaeological
discovery ever: a site that has revolutionised the way we look at human
history, the origin of religion - and perhaps even the truth behind the
Garden of Eden.
The site has been described as 'extraordinary' and 'the most important'
site in the world
A few weeks after his discovery, news of the shepherd's find reached
museum curators in the ancient city of Sanliurfa, ten miles south-west
of the stones.
They got in touch with the German Archaeological Institute in Istanbul.
And so, in late 1994, archaeologist Klaus Schmidt came to the site of
Gobekli Tepe (pronounced Go-beckly Tepp-ay) to begin his excavations.
As he puts it: 'As soon as I got there and saw the stones, I knew that
if I didn't walk away immediately I would be here for the rest of my
life.'
Remarkable find: A frieze from Gobekli Tepe
Schmidt stayed. And what he has uncovered is astonishing. Archaeologists
worldwide are in rare agreement on the site's importance. 'Gobekli Tepe
changes everything,' says Ian Hodder, at Stanford University.
David Lewis-Williams, professor of archaeology at Witwatersrand
University in Johannesburg, says: 'Gobekli Tepe is the most important
archaeological site in the world.'
Some go even further and say the site and its implications are
incredible. As Reading University professor Steve Mithen says: 'Gobekli
Tepe is too extraordinary for my mind to understand.'
So what is it that has energised and astounded the sober world of
academia?
The site of Gobekli Tepe is simple enough to describe. The oblong
stones, unearthed by the shepherd, turned out to be the flat tops of
awesome, T-shaped megaliths. Imagine carved and slender versions of the
stones of Avebury or Stonehenge.
Most of these standing stones are inscribed with bizarre and delicate
images - mainly of boars and ducks, of hunting and game. Sinuous
serpents are another common motif. Some of the megaliths show crayfish
or lions.
The stones seem to represent human forms - some have stylised 'arms',
which angle down the sides. Functionally, the site appears to be a
temple, or ritual site, like the stone circles of Western Europe.
To date, 45 of these stones have been dug out - they are arranged in
circles from five to ten yards across - but there are indications that
much more is to come. Geomagnetic surveys imply that there are hundreds
more standing stones, just waiting to be excavated.
So far, so remarkable. If Gobekli Tepe was simply this, it would already
be a dazzling site - a Turkish Stonehenge. But several unique factors
lift Gobekli Tepe into the archaeological stratosphere - and the realms
of the fantastical.
The Garden of Eden come to life: Is Gobekli Tepe where the story began?
The first is its staggering age. Carbon-dating shows that the complex is
at least 12,000 years old, maybe even 13,000 years old.
That means it was built around 10,000BC. By comparison, Stonehenge was
built in 3,000 BC and the pyramids of Giza in 2,500 BC.
Gobekli is thus the oldest such site in the world, by a mind-numbing
margin. It is so old that it predates settled human life. It is
pre-pottery, pre-writing, pre-everything. Gobekli hails from a part of
human history that is unimaginably distant, right back in our
hunter-gatherer past.
How did cavemen build something so ambitious? Schmidt speculates that
bands of hunters would have gathered sporadically at the site, through
the decades of construction, living in animal-skin tents, slaughtering
local game for food.
The many flint arrowheads found around Gobekli support this thesis; they
also support the dating of the site.
This revelation, that Stone Age hunter-gatherers could have built
something like Gobekli, is worldchanging, for it shows that the old
hunter-gatherer life, in this region of Turkey, was far more advanced
than we ever conceived - almost unbelievably sophisticated.
The shepherd who discovered Gobekli Tepe has' changed
everything', said one academic
It's as if the gods came down from heaven and built Gobekli for
themselves.
This is where we come to the biblical connection, and my own involvement
in the Gobekli Tepe story.
About three years ago, intrigued by the first scant details of the site,
I flew out to Gobekli. It was a long, wearying journey, but more than
worth it, not least as it would later provide the backdrop for a new
novel I have written.
Back then, on the day I arrived at the dig, the archaeologists were
unearthing mind-blowing artworks. As these sculptures were revealed, I
realised that I was among the first people to see them since the end of
the Ice Age.
And that's when a tantalising possibility arose. Over glasses of black
tea, served in tents right next to the megaliths, Klaus Schmidt told me
that, in his opinion, this very spot was once the site of the biblical
Garden of Eden. More specifically, as he put it: 'Gobekli Tepe is a
temple in Eden.'
To understand how a respected academic like Schmidt can make such a
dizzying claim, you need to know that many scholars view the Eden story
as folk-memory, or allegory.
Seen in this way, the Eden story, in Genesis, tells us of humanity's
innocent and leisured hunter-gatherer past, when we could pluck fruit
from the trees, scoop fish from the rivers and spend the rest of our
days in pleasure.
But then we 'fell' into the harsher life of farming, with its ceaseless
toil and daily grind. And we know primitive farming was harsh, compared
to the relative indolence of hunting, because of the archaeological
evidence.
To date, archaeologists have dug 45 stones out of the ruins at Gobekli
When people make the transition from hunter-gathering to settled
agriculture, their skeletons change - they temporarily grow smaller and
less healthy as the human body adapts to a diet poorer in protein and a
more wearisome lifestyle. Likewise, newly domesticated animals get
scrawnier.
This begs the question, why adopt farming at all? Many theories have
been suggested - from tribal competition, to population pressures, to
the extinction of wild animal species. But Schmidt believes that the
temple of Gobekli reveals another possible cause.
'To build such a place as this, the hunters must have joined together in
numbers. After they finished building, they probably congregated for
worship. But then they found that they couldn't feed so many people with
regular hunting and gathering.
'So I think they began cultivating the wild grasses on the hills.
Religion motivated people to take up farming.'
The reason such theories have special weight is that the move to farming
first happened in this same region. These rolling Anatolian plains were
the cradle of agriculture.
The world's first farmyard pigs were domesticated at Cayonu, just 60
miles away. Sheep, cattle and goats were also first domesticated in
eastern Turkey. Worldwide wheat species descend from einkorn wheat -
first cultivated on the hills near Gobekli. Other domestic cereals -
such as rye and oats - also started here.
The stones unearthed by the shepherd turned out to be the flat
tops of T-shaped megaliths
But there was a problem for these early farmers, and it wasn't just that
they had adopted a tougher, if ultimately more productive, lifestyle.
They also experienced an ecological crisis. These days the landscape
surrounding the eerie stones of Gobekli is arid and barren, but it was
not always thus. As the carvings on the stones show - and as
archaeological remains reveal - this was once a richly pastoral region.
There were herds of game, rivers of fish, and flocks of wildfowl; lush
green meadows were ringed by woods and wild orchards. About 10,000 years
ago, the Kurdish desert was a 'paradisiacal place', as Schmidt puts it.
So what destroyed the environment? The answer is Man.
As we began farming, we changed the landscape and the climate. When the
trees were chopped down, the soil leached away; all that ploughing and
reaping left the land eroded and bare. What was once an agreeable oasis
became a land of stress, toil and diminishing returns.
And so, paradise was lost. Adam the hunter was forced out of his
glorious Eden, 'to till the earth from whence he was taken' - as the
Bible puts it.
Of course, these theories might be dismissed as speculations. Yet there
is plenty of historical evidence to show that the writers of the Bible,
when talking of Eden, were, indeed, describing this corner of Kurdish
Turkey.
Archaeologist Klaus Schmidt poses next to some of the carvings
at Gebekli
In the Book of Genesis, it is indicated that Eden is west of Assyria.
Sure enough, this is where Gobekli is sited.
Likewise, biblical Eden is by four rivers, including the Tigris and
Euphrates. And Gobekli lies between both of these.
In ancient Assyrian texts, there is mention of a 'Beth Eden' - a house
of Eden. This minor kingdom was 50 miles from Gobekli Tepe.
Another book in the Old Testament talks of 'the children of Eden which
were in Thelasar', a town in northern Syria, near Gobekli.
The very word 'Eden' comes from the Sumerian for 'plain'; Gobekli lies
on the plains of Harran.
Thus, when you put it all together, the evidence is persuasive. Gobekli
Tepe is, indeed, a 'temple in Eden', built by our leisured and fortunate
ancestors - people who had time to cultivate art, architecture and
complex ritual, before the traumas of agriculture ruined their
lifestyle, and devastated their paradise.
It's a stunning and seductive idea. Yet it has a sinister epilogue.
Because the loss of paradise seems to have had a strange and darkening
effect on the human mind.
Many of Gobekli's standing stones are inscribed with 'bizarre
and delicate' images, like this reptile
A few years ago, archaeologists at nearby Cayonu unearthed a hoard of
human skulls. They were found under an altar-like slab, stained with
human blood.
No one is sure, but this may be the earliest evidence for human
sacrifice: one of the most inexplicable of human behaviours and one that
could have evolved only in the face of terrible societal stress.
Experts may argue over the evidence at Cayonu. But what no one denies is
that human sacrifice took place in this region, spreading to Palestine,
Canaan and Israel.
Archaeological evidence suggests that victims were killed in huge death
pits, children were buried alive in jars, others roasted in vast bronze
bowls.
These are almost incomprehensible acts, unless you understand that the
people had learned to fear their gods, having been cast out of paradise.
So they sought to propitiate the angry heavens.
This savagery may, indeed, hold the key to one final, bewildering
mystery. The astonishing stones and friezes of Gobekli Tepe are
preserved intact for a bizarre reason.
Long ago, the site was deliberately and systematically buried in a feat
of labour every bit as remarkable as the stone carvings.
The stones of Gobekli Tepe are trying to speak to us from across
the centuries - a warning we should heed
Around 8,000 BC, the creators of Gobekli turned on their achievement and
entombed their glorious temple under thousands of tons of earth,
creating the artificial hills on which that Kurdish shepherd walked in
1994.
No one knows why Gobekli was buried. Maybe it was interred as a kind of
penance: a sacrifice to the angry gods, who had cast the hunters out of
paradise. Perhaps it was for shame at the violence and bloodshed that
the stone-worship had helped provoke.
Whatever the answer, the parallels with our own era are stark. As we
contemplate a new age of ecological turbulence, maybe the silent,
sombre, 12,000-year-old stones of Gobekli Tepe are trying to speak to
us, to warn us, as they stare across the first Eden we destroyed.
* The Genesis Secret by Tom Knox is published by Harper Collins on
March 9, priced £6.99. To order a copy (P&P free), call 0845 155 0720.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11 57784/Do-mysterious-stones-mark-site-Garden-Eden.h tml
28 February 2009
Do these mysterious stones mark the site of the Garden of Eden?
By Tom Cox
Last updated at 9:10 PM on 28th February 2009
For the old Kurdish shepherd, it was just another burning hot day in the
rolling plains of eastern Turkey. Following his flock over the arid
hillsides, he passed the single mulberry tree, which the locals regarded
as 'sacred'. The bells on his sheep tinkled in the stillness. Then he
spotted something. Crouching down, he brushed away the dust, and exposed
a strange, large, oblong stone.
The man looked left and right: there were similar stone rectangles,
peeping from the sands. Calling his dog to heel, the shepherd resolved
to inform someone of his finds when he got back to the village. Maybe
the stones were important.
They certainly were important. The solitary Kurdish man, on that
summer's day in 1994, had made the greatest archaeological discovery in
50 years. Others would say he'd made the greatest archaeological
discovery ever: a site that has revolutionised the way we look at human
history, the origin of religion - and perhaps even the truth behind the
Garden of Eden.
The site has been described as 'extraordinary' and 'the most important'
site in the world
A few weeks after his discovery, news of the shepherd's find reached
museum curators in the ancient city of Sanliurfa, ten miles south-west
of the stones.
They got in touch with the German Archaeological Institute in Istanbul.
And so, in late 1994, archaeologist Klaus Schmidt came to the site of
Gobekli Tepe (pronounced Go-beckly Tepp-ay) to begin his excavations.
As he puts it: 'As soon as I got there and saw the stones, I knew that
if I didn't walk away immediately I would be here for the rest of my
life.'
Remarkable find: A frieze from Gobekli Tepe
Schmidt stayed. And what he has uncovered is astonishing. Archaeologists
worldwide are in rare agreement on the site's importance. 'Gobekli Tepe
changes everything,' says Ian Hodder, at Stanford University.
David Lewis-Williams, professor of archaeology at Witwatersrand
University in Johannesburg, says: 'Gobekli Tepe is the most important
archaeological site in the world.'
Some go even further and say the site and its implications are
incredible. As Reading University professor Steve Mithen says: 'Gobekli
Tepe is too extraordinary for my mind to understand.'
So what is it that has energised and astounded the sober world of
academia?
The site of Gobekli Tepe is simple enough to describe. The oblong
stones, unearthed by the shepherd, turned out to be the flat tops of
awesome, T-shaped megaliths. Imagine carved and slender versions of the
stones of Avebury or Stonehenge.
Most of these standing stones are inscribed with bizarre and delicate
images - mainly of boars and ducks, of hunting and game. Sinuous
serpents are another common motif. Some of the megaliths show crayfish
or lions.
The stones seem to represent human forms - some have stylised 'arms',
which angle down the sides. Functionally, the site appears to be a
temple, or ritual site, like the stone circles of Western Europe.
To date, 45 of these stones have been dug out - they are arranged in
circles from five to ten yards across - but there are indications that
much more is to come. Geomagnetic surveys imply that there are hundreds
more standing stones, just waiting to be excavated.
So far, so remarkable. If Gobekli Tepe was simply this, it would already
be a dazzling site - a Turkish Stonehenge. But several unique factors
lift Gobekli Tepe into the archaeological stratosphere - and the realms
of the fantastical.
The Garden of Eden come to life: Is Gobekli Tepe where the story began?
The first is its staggering age. Carbon-dating shows that the complex is
at least 12,000 years old, maybe even 13,000 years old.
That means it was built around 10,000BC. By comparison, Stonehenge was
built in 3,000 BC and the pyramids of Giza in 2,500 BC.
Gobekli is thus the oldest such site in the world, by a mind-numbing
margin. It is so old that it predates settled human life. It is
pre-pottery, pre-writing, pre-everything. Gobekli hails from a part of
human history that is unimaginably distant, right back in our
hunter-gatherer past.
How did cavemen build something so ambitious? Schmidt speculates that
bands of hunters would have gathered sporadically at the site, through
the decades of construction, living in animal-skin tents, slaughtering
local game for food.
The many flint arrowheads found around Gobekli support this thesis; they
also support the dating of the site.
This revelation, that Stone Age hunter-gatherers could have built
something like Gobekli, is worldchanging, for it shows that the old
hunter-gatherer life, in this region of Turkey, was far more advanced
than we ever conceived - almost unbelievably sophisticated.
The shepherd who discovered Gobekli Tepe has' changed
everything', said one academic
It's as if the gods came down from heaven and built Gobekli for
themselves.
This is where we come to the biblical connection, and my own involvement
in the Gobekli Tepe story.
About three years ago, intrigued by the first scant details of the site,
I flew out to Gobekli. It was a long, wearying journey, but more than
worth it, not least as it would later provide the backdrop for a new
novel I have written.
Back then, on the day I arrived at the dig, the archaeologists were
unearthing mind-blowing artworks. As these sculptures were revealed, I
realised that I was among the first people to see them since the end of
the Ice Age.
And that's when a tantalising possibility arose. Over glasses of black
tea, served in tents right next to the megaliths, Klaus Schmidt told me
that, in his opinion, this very spot was once the site of the biblical
Garden of Eden. More specifically, as he put it: 'Gobekli Tepe is a
temple in Eden.'
To understand how a respected academic like Schmidt can make such a
dizzying claim, you need to know that many scholars view the Eden story
as folk-memory, or allegory.
Seen in this way, the Eden story, in Genesis, tells us of humanity's
innocent and leisured hunter-gatherer past, when we could pluck fruit
from the trees, scoop fish from the rivers and spend the rest of our
days in pleasure.
But then we 'fell' into the harsher life of farming, with its ceaseless
toil and daily grind. And we know primitive farming was harsh, compared
to the relative indolence of hunting, because of the archaeological
evidence.
To date, archaeologists have dug 45 stones out of the ruins at Gobekli
When people make the transition from hunter-gathering to settled
agriculture, their skeletons change - they temporarily grow smaller and
less healthy as the human body adapts to a diet poorer in protein and a
more wearisome lifestyle. Likewise, newly domesticated animals get
scrawnier.
This begs the question, why adopt farming at all? Many theories have
been suggested - from tribal competition, to population pressures, to
the extinction of wild animal species. But Schmidt believes that the
temple of Gobekli reveals another possible cause.
'To build such a place as this, the hunters must have joined together in
numbers. After they finished building, they probably congregated for
worship. But then they found that they couldn't feed so many people with
regular hunting and gathering.
'So I think they began cultivating the wild grasses on the hills.
Religion motivated people to take up farming.'
The reason such theories have special weight is that the move to farming
first happened in this same region. These rolling Anatolian plains were
the cradle of agriculture.
The world's first farmyard pigs were domesticated at Cayonu, just 60
miles away. Sheep, cattle and goats were also first domesticated in
eastern Turkey. Worldwide wheat species descend from einkorn wheat -
first cultivated on the hills near Gobekli. Other domestic cereals -
such as rye and oats - also started here.
The stones unearthed by the shepherd turned out to be the flat
tops of T-shaped megaliths
But there was a problem for these early farmers, and it wasn't just that
they had adopted a tougher, if ultimately more productive, lifestyle.
They also experienced an ecological crisis. These days the landscape
surrounding the eerie stones of Gobekli is arid and barren, but it was
not always thus. As the carvings on the stones show - and as
archaeological remains reveal - this was once a richly pastoral region.
There were herds of game, rivers of fish, and flocks of wildfowl; lush
green meadows were ringed by woods and wild orchards. About 10,000 years
ago, the Kurdish desert was a 'paradisiacal place', as Schmidt puts it.
So what destroyed the environment? The answer is Man.
As we began farming, we changed the landscape and the climate. When the
trees were chopped down, the soil leached away; all that ploughing and
reaping left the land eroded and bare. What was once an agreeable oasis
became a land of stress, toil and diminishing returns.
And so, paradise was lost. Adam the hunter was forced out of his
glorious Eden, 'to till the earth from whence he was taken' - as the
Bible puts it.
Of course, these theories might be dismissed as speculations. Yet there
is plenty of historical evidence to show that the writers of the Bible,
when talking of Eden, were, indeed, describing this corner of Kurdish
Turkey.
Archaeologist Klaus Schmidt poses next to some of the carvings
at Gebekli
In the Book of Genesis, it is indicated that Eden is west of Assyria.
Sure enough, this is where Gobekli is sited.
Likewise, biblical Eden is by four rivers, including the Tigris and
Euphrates. And Gobekli lies between both of these.
In ancient Assyrian texts, there is mention of a 'Beth Eden' - a house
of Eden. This minor kingdom was 50 miles from Gobekli Tepe.
Another book in the Old Testament talks of 'the children of Eden which
were in Thelasar', a town in northern Syria, near Gobekli.
The very word 'Eden' comes from the Sumerian for 'plain'; Gobekli lies
on the plains of Harran.
Thus, when you put it all together, the evidence is persuasive. Gobekli
Tepe is, indeed, a 'temple in Eden', built by our leisured and fortunate
ancestors - people who had time to cultivate art, architecture and
complex ritual, before the traumas of agriculture ruined their
lifestyle, and devastated their paradise.
It's a stunning and seductive idea. Yet it has a sinister epilogue.
Because the loss of paradise seems to have had a strange and darkening
effect on the human mind.
Many of Gobekli's standing stones are inscribed with 'bizarre
and delicate' images, like this reptile
A few years ago, archaeologists at nearby Cayonu unearthed a hoard of
human skulls. They were found under an altar-like slab, stained with
human blood.
No one is sure, but this may be the earliest evidence for human
sacrifice: one of the most inexplicable of human behaviours and one that
could have evolved only in the face of terrible societal stress.
Experts may argue over the evidence at Cayonu. But what no one denies is
that human sacrifice took place in this region, spreading to Palestine,
Canaan and Israel.
Archaeological evidence suggests that victims were killed in huge death
pits, children were buried alive in jars, others roasted in vast bronze
bowls.
These are almost incomprehensible acts, unless you understand that the
people had learned to fear their gods, having been cast out of paradise.
So they sought to propitiate the angry heavens.
This savagery may, indeed, hold the key to one final, bewildering
mystery. The astonishing stones and friezes of Gobekli Tepe are
preserved intact for a bizarre reason.
Long ago, the site was deliberately and systematically buried in a feat
of labour every bit as remarkable as the stone carvings.
The stones of Gobekli Tepe are trying to speak to us from across
the centuries - a warning we should heed
Around 8,000 BC, the creators of Gobekli turned on their achievement and
entombed their glorious temple under thousands of tons of earth,
creating the artificial hills on which that Kurdish shepherd walked in
1994.
No one knows why Gobekli was buried. Maybe it was interred as a kind of
penance: a sacrifice to the angry gods, who had cast the hunters out of
paradise. Perhaps it was for shame at the violence and bloodshed that
the stone-worship had helped provoke.
Whatever the answer, the parallels with our own era are stark. As we
contemplate a new age of ecological turbulence, maybe the silent,
sombre, 12,000-year-old stones of Gobekli Tepe are trying to speak to
us, to warn us, as they stare across the first Eden we destroyed.
* The Genesis Secret by Tom Knox is published by Harper Collins on
March 9, priced £6.99. To order a copy (P&P free), call 0845 155 0720.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11 57784/Do-mysterious-stones-mark-site-Garden-Eden.h tml