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Grim history of Armenians in Turkey that led to accusations of genocide
Repression of 2.5 million people in Ottoman empire dates back to
autonomy movement in late 19th century
Guardian, Friday 5 March 2010 12.11 GMT
[Photo]: Ottoman soldiers posing in front of hanged Armenians in 1915.
A US congressional committee yesterday voted to label the Ottoman
empire's actions as genocide. Photograph: AFP/Getty Images
Armenia believes Turkey committed genocide in the deaths of at least 1
million Armenians when they were deported from Turkish Armenia in
1915, and welcomes the non-binding resolution passed by the US house
foreign affairs committee.
Repression of the 2.5 million Armenians in the Ottoman empire dates
back to 1894-96 when Armenians in the eastern provinces, encouraged by
Russia, began agitating for autonomy. Sultan Abdülhamid cracked down
on separatist sentiment by encouraging nationalistic feelings against
Armenians among neighbouring Kurdish tribesmen.
A combination of Kurdish persecution and a rise in taxes led to an
Armenian uprising that was brutally suppressed by Turkish troops and
Kurdish tribesmen in 1894. Thousands of Armenians were killed and
their villages burned. Two years later, another revolt broke out when
Armenian rebels seized the Ottoman bank in Istanbul. More than 50,000
Armenians were killed by mobs apparently co-ordinated by government
troops.
Those death tolls were dwarfed by the killings during the first world
war, when Armenians from the Caucasus formed volunteer battalions to
help the Russian army against the Turks. Early in 1915, these
battalions organised the recruitment of Turkish Armenians from behind
Turkish lines.
The Young Turk government reacted by ordering the deportation of the
Armenian population to Syria and Palestine. About 1 million died from
starvation or were killed by Arab or Kurdish tribes along the route.
Many survivors fled to Russian Armenia where, in 1918, an independent
Armenian republic was established. Armenia won independence when the
Soviet Union fractured in 1991.
Turkey accepts that atrocities took place but argues that there was no
systematic attempt to destroy the Christian Armenians. It puts the
number of deaths during 1915 at around 300,000 and says many innocent
Muslim Turks also died in the turmoil of war.
The legal definition of genocide is found in the 1948 UN convention on
the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide.
Article two of this convention defines genocide as "any of the
following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part,
a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing
members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members
of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life
calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in
part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
[and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group."
Henri Barkey, a Turkey scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace in Washington, said that "the overwhelming
historical evidence demonstrates that what took place in 1915 was
genocide". He nevertheless opposes the US ruling as a needless
political manoeuvre.
Argentina, Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Russia and Uruguay are
among more than 20 countries which have formally recognised genocide
against the Armenians. The European parliament and the UN
sub-commission on prevention of discrimination and protection of
minorities have also done so.
Grim history of Armenians in Turkey that led to accusations of genocide
Repression of 2.5 million people in Ottoman empire dates back to
autonomy movement in late 19th century
Guardian, Friday 5 March 2010 12.11 GMT
[Photo]: Ottoman soldiers posing in front of hanged Armenians in 1915.
A US congressional committee yesterday voted to label the Ottoman
empire's actions as genocide. Photograph: AFP/Getty Images
Armenia believes Turkey committed genocide in the deaths of at least 1
million Armenians when they were deported from Turkish Armenia in
1915, and welcomes the non-binding resolution passed by the US house
foreign affairs committee.
Repression of the 2.5 million Armenians in the Ottoman empire dates
back to 1894-96 when Armenians in the eastern provinces, encouraged by
Russia, began agitating for autonomy. Sultan Abdülhamid cracked down
on separatist sentiment by encouraging nationalistic feelings against
Armenians among neighbouring Kurdish tribesmen.
A combination of Kurdish persecution and a rise in taxes led to an
Armenian uprising that was brutally suppressed by Turkish troops and
Kurdish tribesmen in 1894. Thousands of Armenians were killed and
their villages burned. Two years later, another revolt broke out when
Armenian rebels seized the Ottoman bank in Istanbul. More than 50,000
Armenians were killed by mobs apparently co-ordinated by government
troops.
Those death tolls were dwarfed by the killings during the first world
war, when Armenians from the Caucasus formed volunteer battalions to
help the Russian army against the Turks. Early in 1915, these
battalions organised the recruitment of Turkish Armenians from behind
Turkish lines.
The Young Turk government reacted by ordering the deportation of the
Armenian population to Syria and Palestine. About 1 million died from
starvation or were killed by Arab or Kurdish tribes along the route.
Many survivors fled to Russian Armenia where, in 1918, an independent
Armenian republic was established. Armenia won independence when the
Soviet Union fractured in 1991.
Turkey accepts that atrocities took place but argues that there was no
systematic attempt to destroy the Christian Armenians. It puts the
number of deaths during 1915 at around 300,000 and says many innocent
Muslim Turks also died in the turmoil of war.
The legal definition of genocide is found in the 1948 UN convention on
the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide.
Article two of this convention defines genocide as "any of the
following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part,
a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing
members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members
of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life
calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in
part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
[and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group."
Henri Barkey, a Turkey scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace in Washington, said that "the overwhelming
historical evidence demonstrates that what took place in 1915 was
genocide". He nevertheless opposes the US ruling as a needless
political manoeuvre.
Argentina, Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Russia and Uruguay are
among more than 20 countries which have formally recognised genocide
against the Armenians. The European parliament and the UN
sub-commission on prevention of discrimination and protection of
minorities have also done so.