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Q&A: ARMENIAN GENOCIDE DISPUTE
BBC
29 December 2011 Last updated at 10:29
The mass killing of Armenians by Ottoman Turks during World War I
remains a highly sensitive issue.
Turkey has resisted widespread calls for it to recognise the 1915-16
killings as genocide, while historians continue to argue about the
events. At the time there were numerous reports of Turkish atrocities
committed against the Armenians.
What happened?
There is general agreement that hundreds of thousands of Armenians died
when the Ottoman Turks deported them en masse from eastern Anatolia
to the Syrian desert and elsewhere in 1915-16. They were killed or
died from starvation or disease.
The total number of Armenian dead is disputed. Armenians say 1.5
million died. The Republic of Turkey estimates the total to be 300,000.
According to the International Association of Genocide Scholars
(IAGS), the death toll was "more than a million".
In a letter to Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan in 2005
the IAGS said "we want to underscore that it is not just Armenians
who are affirming the Armenian Genocide but it is the overwhelming
opinion of scholars who study genocide".
What is genocide?
Article Two of the UN Convention on Genocide of December 1948 describes
genocide as carrying out acts intended "to destroy, in whole or in
part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group".
Were the killings systematic?
The dispute about whether it was genocide centres on the question of
premeditation - the degree to which the killings were orchestrated.
Many historians, governments and the Armenian people believe that
they were; but a number of scholars question this.
Raphael Lemkin, the Polish-Jewish lawyer who coined the term "genocide"
in 1943, referred to the atrocities against Armenians as well as the
Nazi massacres of Jews when describing his investigations.
Turkish officials accept that atrocities were committed but argue that
there was no systematic attempt to destroy the Christian Armenian
people. Turkey says many innocent Muslim Turks also died in the
turmoil of war.
What was the political context?
The Young Turks - an officers' movement that had seized power in 1908 -
launched a series of measures against Armenians as the Ottoman Empire
was crumbling through military defeats in the war. The Young Turks -
calling themselves the Committee of Unity and Progress (CUP) - had
entered the war on Germany's side in 1914.
Turkish propaganda at the time presented the Armenians as saboteurs
and a pro-Russian "fifth column".
Armenians mark the date 24 April 1915 as the start of what they regard
as the genocide. That was when the Ottoman government arrested about 50
Armenian intellectuals and community leaders. They were later executed.
Armenians in the Ottoman army were disarmed and killed. Armenian
property was confiscated.
Was anyone held to account?
Several senior Ottoman officials were put on trial in Turkey in 1919-20
in connection with the atrocities. A local governor, Mehmed Kemal,
was found guilty and hanged for the mass killing of Armenians in the
central Anatolian district of Yozgat. The Young Turks' top triumvirate
- the "Three Pashas" - had already fled abroad. They were sentenced
to death in absentia.
Historians have questioned the judicial procedures at these trials,
the quality of the evidence presented and the degree to which the
Turkish authorities may have wished to appease the victorious Allies.
Who recognises it as genocide and who does not?
Argentina, Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Russia and Uruguay are
among more than 20 countries which have formally recognised genocide
against the Armenians.
The European Parliament and the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of
Discrimination and Protection of Minorities have also done so.
The UK, US and Israel are among those that use different terminology
to describe the events.
In 2006, Turkey condemned a French parliamentary vote which would
make it a crime to deny that Armenians had suffered genocide. The
bill did not become law - but Turkey suspended military ties.
In December 2011 some MPs in France's ruling centre-right party,
the UMP, revived the bill and it was adopted again, despite Turkish
government outrage. It still requires a vote by the upper house,
the Senate, to become law.
Under the bill, those publicly denying genocide would face a year in
jail and a fine of 45,000 euros (£29,000; $58,000).
Turkey froze political visits and joint military projects in
retaliation.
In March 2010, Turkey withdrew its ambassador to Washington after a
US congressional committee narrowly approved a resolution branding
the killings as "genocide". The House Foreign Affairs Committee
endorsed it, despite the objections of the White House. Barack Obama's
administration has called for the resolution not to be "acted upon"
by the full Congress.
What is the political impact of the row?
The killings are regarded as the seminal event of modern Armenian
history, binding the diaspora together.
Armenians are one of the world's most dispersed peoples.
In Turkey, public debate on the issue has been stifled.
Article 301 of the penal code, on "insulting Turkishness", has been
used to prosecute prominent writers who highlight the mass killings of
Armenians. Among them were Nobel laureate Orhan Pamuk and Hrant Dink,
who was later shot dead in January 2007. A teenage ultra-nationalist,
Ogun Samast, was jailed for nearly 23 years in July 2011 for murdering
Dink.
The European Union has said Turkish acceptance of the Armenian genocide
is not a condition for Turkey's entry into the bloc.
Are Armenia-Turkey relations still frosty?
After decades of hostility there has been a slight thaw. Turkey
and Armenia signed a deal in October 2009 to establish diplomatic
relations and open their border.
But the deal is yet to be ratified by either parliament, and some in
Ankara accuse Armenia of trying to alter the terms of the deal.
A complicating factor is mutual suspicion over the frozen
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Turkey backs Azerbaijan in the dispute
over Nagorno-Karabakh, a territory inside Azerbaijan held by ethnic
Armenians since a war in the 1990s.
BBC
29 December 2011 Last updated at 10:29
The mass killing of Armenians by Ottoman Turks during World War I
remains a highly sensitive issue.
Turkey has resisted widespread calls for it to recognise the 1915-16
killings as genocide, while historians continue to argue about the
events. At the time there were numerous reports of Turkish atrocities
committed against the Armenians.
What happened?
There is general agreement that hundreds of thousands of Armenians died
when the Ottoman Turks deported them en masse from eastern Anatolia
to the Syrian desert and elsewhere in 1915-16. They were killed or
died from starvation or disease.
The total number of Armenian dead is disputed. Armenians say 1.5
million died. The Republic of Turkey estimates the total to be 300,000.
According to the International Association of Genocide Scholars
(IAGS), the death toll was "more than a million".
In a letter to Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan in 2005
the IAGS said "we want to underscore that it is not just Armenians
who are affirming the Armenian Genocide but it is the overwhelming
opinion of scholars who study genocide".
What is genocide?
Article Two of the UN Convention on Genocide of December 1948 describes
genocide as carrying out acts intended "to destroy, in whole or in
part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group".
Were the killings systematic?
The dispute about whether it was genocide centres on the question of
premeditation - the degree to which the killings were orchestrated.
Many historians, governments and the Armenian people believe that
they were; but a number of scholars question this.
Raphael Lemkin, the Polish-Jewish lawyer who coined the term "genocide"
in 1943, referred to the atrocities against Armenians as well as the
Nazi massacres of Jews when describing his investigations.
Turkish officials accept that atrocities were committed but argue that
there was no systematic attempt to destroy the Christian Armenian
people. Turkey says many innocent Muslim Turks also died in the
turmoil of war.
What was the political context?
The Young Turks - an officers' movement that had seized power in 1908 -
launched a series of measures against Armenians as the Ottoman Empire
was crumbling through military defeats in the war. The Young Turks -
calling themselves the Committee of Unity and Progress (CUP) - had
entered the war on Germany's side in 1914.
Turkish propaganda at the time presented the Armenians as saboteurs
and a pro-Russian "fifth column".
Armenians mark the date 24 April 1915 as the start of what they regard
as the genocide. That was when the Ottoman government arrested about 50
Armenian intellectuals and community leaders. They were later executed.
Armenians in the Ottoman army were disarmed and killed. Armenian
property was confiscated.
Was anyone held to account?
Several senior Ottoman officials were put on trial in Turkey in 1919-20
in connection with the atrocities. A local governor, Mehmed Kemal,
was found guilty and hanged for the mass killing of Armenians in the
central Anatolian district of Yozgat. The Young Turks' top triumvirate
- the "Three Pashas" - had already fled abroad. They were sentenced
to death in absentia.
Historians have questioned the judicial procedures at these trials,
the quality of the evidence presented and the degree to which the
Turkish authorities may have wished to appease the victorious Allies.
Who recognises it as genocide and who does not?
Argentina, Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Russia and Uruguay are
among more than 20 countries which have formally recognised genocide
against the Armenians.
The European Parliament and the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of
Discrimination and Protection of Minorities have also done so.
The UK, US and Israel are among those that use different terminology
to describe the events.
In 2006, Turkey condemned a French parliamentary vote which would
make it a crime to deny that Armenians had suffered genocide. The
bill did not become law - but Turkey suspended military ties.
In December 2011 some MPs in France's ruling centre-right party,
the UMP, revived the bill and it was adopted again, despite Turkish
government outrage. It still requires a vote by the upper house,
the Senate, to become law.
Under the bill, those publicly denying genocide would face a year in
jail and a fine of 45,000 euros (£29,000; $58,000).
Turkey froze political visits and joint military projects in
retaliation.
In March 2010, Turkey withdrew its ambassador to Washington after a
US congressional committee narrowly approved a resolution branding
the killings as "genocide". The House Foreign Affairs Committee
endorsed it, despite the objections of the White House. Barack Obama's
administration has called for the resolution not to be "acted upon"
by the full Congress.
What is the political impact of the row?
The killings are regarded as the seminal event of modern Armenian
history, binding the diaspora together.
Armenians are one of the world's most dispersed peoples.
In Turkey, public debate on the issue has been stifled.
Article 301 of the penal code, on "insulting Turkishness", has been
used to prosecute prominent writers who highlight the mass killings of
Armenians. Among them were Nobel laureate Orhan Pamuk and Hrant Dink,
who was later shot dead in January 2007. A teenage ultra-nationalist,
Ogun Samast, was jailed for nearly 23 years in July 2011 for murdering
Dink.
The European Union has said Turkish acceptance of the Armenian genocide
is not a condition for Turkey's entry into the bloc.
Are Armenia-Turkey relations still frosty?
After decades of hostility there has been a slight thaw. Turkey
and Armenia signed a deal in October 2009 to establish diplomatic
relations and open their border.
But the deal is yet to be ratified by either parliament, and some in
Ankara accuse Armenia of trying to alter the terms of the deal.
A complicating factor is mutual suspicion over the frozen
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Turkey backs Azerbaijan in the dispute
over Nagorno-Karabakh, a territory inside Azerbaijan held by ethnic
Armenians since a war in the 1990s.