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National Review
August 01, 2011
The 'Sick Man,' Still - Turkish Islamization, Iran, Syria, and the
fate of the Middle East
by David Pryce-Jones
Question any of our political masters or their subordinates about
Turkey and they will be quick to assert that it has long proved its
faithfulness to Western values. Membership of NATO speaks for itself;
there's an important American air base at Incirlik; and for years,
Turkish leaders one and all have been petitioning the European Union
for admission. This is the one and only country in the Muslim Middle
East, it will also be said, that can pass as democratic and secular.
Habitual flattery of this kind masks the reality that superficial
imitative Westernization has barely touched Turkey's very un-European
history and culture, or the respect and honor that its people feel is
their due.
The Turkish republic that replaced the defeated Ottoman Empire after
World War I takes its modernizing ideology from Kemal Atatürk, the
founding father who knew his own mind and had the authority to enforce
it on his people. Islam for him was the cause as well as the guarantee
of backwardness, and he did what he could to break its hold.
Official visitors are expected to lay a wreath at his rather
forbidding mausoleum in Ankara, rather as politicians visiting Beijing
have to do formal obeisance to Mao Tse-tung. Atatürk's lasting
contribution was to make the military the real guardians of the
constitution of his new republic. Four coups in the last 50 years, and
such events as the arrest and hanging of Prime Minister Adnan Menderes
in 1960, prove where real power has lain. In the Muslim Middle East,
the paradox of the military's resorting to authoritarian methods to
safeguard secular democracy has been special to Turkey.
Since 2003, Recep Tayyip Erdogan has been prime minister, and he is
now at the start of his third term in office. One of his declared
objectives is a new constitution, and it is clear by now that he is
reworking Atatürk's legacy. He is setting himself up to have a
monopoly on power. Born in 1954, the son of a member of the coast
guard, Erdogan is no doubt a sincere Muslim, neither an extremist nor
a philosopher but convinced by upbringing and instinct that Islam and
patriotism are one and the same thing, and any Turk who disagrees with
him will have to be brought into line. Briefly a semi-professional
footballer, he has been a fully professional politician all his adult
life. Mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998, he was in office when, in a
speech to a large public gathering, he quoted some lines of a
nationalist poet that are famous for their Muslim triumphalism: "The
mosques are our barracks, the domes our helmets, the minarets our
bayonets, and the faithful our soldiers."
Upon being arrested for this, he is said to have shouted that the song
is not yet over. After four months in jail, he became a national
figure, founder and moving spirit of the Justice and Development
party, AKP in its Turkish initials, and finally prime minister.
A successful administrator, he has stabilized the currency, mastered
inflation, and delivered impressive economic growth, all of which has
encouraged voters to trust him. The opposition, the Republican
People's party, or CHP in its Turkish initials, has been in disarray,
poorly led and preoccupied with factional and personal disputes that
leave the field clear for Erdogan.
He has been as ruthless as his predecessors in dealing with the Kurds:
Depending on who is doing the counting, Turkish Kurds number somewhere
between 10 and 20 million, or maybe 15 percent of the population. Most
of them live in the southeast of the country, and all are suspected of
a nationalist ambition to have a state of their own with a capital in
Diyarbakir. This might be a threat to Turkey's territorial integrity,
and accordingly they are regularly persecuted on ethnic, linguistic,
and cultural grounds. In one particularly symbolic instance, Leyla
Zana, a well-known member of parliament, added a phrase in Kurdish to
the oath of loyalty she had to swear, and was sentenced for this to 15
years in prison. (Twice she's been recommended for the Nobel peace
prize.) The Kurdistan Workers' party, or PKK, nominally Marxist but
realistically nationalist, has been waging a war of liberation for
decades. In the past 30 years, 40,000 Kurds are estimated to have been
killed; and 3,000 Kurdish villages destroyed, leaving some 350,000
refugees to make their own way, many of them fleeing to Scandinavia,
Germany, and Australia.
The PKK had a base in Syria until, in 1998, Turkey threatened to go to
war to close it. Hunted down, Abdullah Ocalan, the movement's leader,
remains in prison in Turkey, apparently reprieved from a death
sentence. PKK guerrillas make regular incursions from Iraqi Kurdistan,
and Turkish armored columns then invade Iraq in reprisal.
Kurds are not alone in being abused: Christians in Turkey are victims
of the Islamization that is affecting the political and emotional
climate of every Muslim country. Of the approximately 60 Catholic
priests in the country, two have been killed in the last five years,
one of them beheaded to cries of "Allahu akbar." Fr. Andrea Santoro
was shot dead from behind while saying his prayers. "I have killed the
Great Satan!" was the Iranian-style exclamation of the man who
murdered Bp. Luigi Padovese, the Vatican representative in Anatolia.
("We don't want to mix up this tragic episode with Islam," was Pope
Benedict's inexplicable comment.) In Malatya -- hometown of Mehmet Ali
Agca, who shot and wounded Pope John Paul II -- three employees of a
small company publishing Bibles had their throats cut; two of them
were Muslim converts to Christianity.
Hundreds of judges and professors have been dismissed, in order to
control justice and education. Broadly drawn, Article 301 of the penal
code makes it illegal to insult Turkey, Turkish ethnicity, or Turkish
government institutions. Over a thousand people have been brought to
the courts under this article. One of the first to challenge it
directly was Orhan Pamuk, the 2006 Nobel prize winner for literature,
who wrote in 2005: "Thirty thousand Kurds have been killed here, and a
million Armenians. And almost nobody dares to mention that. So I do."
His prosecution raised such an international scandal that the judge
felt obliged to find legal grounds for suspending the case. In the
end, Pamuk was merely fined a quite small sum for offending the honor
of a few plaintiffs.
Others have not been so fortunate. The Turkish-Armenian journalist
Hrant Dink was prosecuted in 2006 for insulting Turkishness, and
received a six-month suspended sentence. Radical nationalists then
assassinated him, after which Dink was posthumously acquitted of the
charge. At the latest count, 63 journalists are held in custody: a
greater number than in any other country, including Iran and China.
Four months ago, Ahmet Sik and Nedim Sener, two journalists in the
public eye, were arrested. The latter had written a couple of books
about the murder of Hrant Dink. The Istanbul prosecutor denied that
the arrest of these two had anything to do with their writings, but
then claimed that confidentiality prevented him from giving the reason
for their arrest. Dogan, one of the country's largest media groups and
critical of the government, has been crippled by a fine of $3.05
billion for alleged unpaid taxes. The owner and some of the staff of
OdaTV, also critical of the government, were arrested. Thousands of
websites have been closed, and only last month 32 people were arrested
on a charge of plotting against government websites. Erdogan in person
has sued dozens of cartoonists and journalists for defamation. The
Turkish Journalists' Association rightly protests about a "climate of
fear."
The military could in theory have turned the tables on Erdogan with
yet another coup. Blindly, the European Union has succeeded in making
the army renounce any political role as a condition of Turkish
admission; Erdogan, therefore, has had the opening to strike and
cripple the military.
Ergenekon is a word borrowed appropriately from Turkish mythology, and
used since 2007 as the code name for a supposed conspiracy in the
armed forces to oust him. Five hundred or so people have been
arrested. Some sources say that, so far, 270 have been brought to
court, while others put that number nearer 300. Members of parliament
from the opposition CHP have been roped in, and two of them have been
awaiting trial for two years. Proceedings follow quite closely those
of the 1937 trials in the Soviet Union, when Stalin destroyed Marshal
Tukhachevsky and other generals who he feared might act against him.
Charges were invented that these officers were conspiring with the
Japanese, the Gestapo, British intelligence, or whomever. Just as
absurdly, Turkish officers are alleged to be plotting with Greeks,
Armenians, the PKK, even Christian missionaries. Erdogan delivered the
memorably opaque observation, "There is a deep Turkey working against
the deep state." Few, however, believe that Ergenekon is anything more
than an ordinary play for power: So far, not a single one of the
accused has been convicted.
In 2003, Turkey voted not to allow American forces to enter Iraq
through its territory. Taking further distance from the United States,
Erdogan has protected Iran from sanctions and cooperated with Brazil
in a vain effort to gain the world's acceptance of the Iranian nuclear
program. In April 2009, Turkey was the first Muslim country that
Barack Obama visited as president. In his main speech there, he
declared that "the United States is not and will never be at war with
Islam" and also that "we do not consider ourselves a Christian nation"
(he added that the nation isn't Jewish or Muslim either, but the
qualification tends to get lost in amazement at the apologetics).
Calling Turkey "a critical ally," he boosted its EU membership --
though this surely was none of his business -- and he further
rhapsodized about some future all-embracing "modern international
community." Mention was not made of persecuted minorities, mythical
conspiracies, or wrongful arrests. Secular Turks could only draw the
unwelcome conclusion that Obama was telling them that the U.S.
actively supports Islamism in their country. In Erdogan's
interpretation, the U.S. was abandoning its interests in the region.
Here was the invitation to restore the glory of the pre-Atatürk era,
when Turkey was the preeminent Muslim power: He would be the
neo-Ottoman sultan.
Quite probably, Erdogan is venting anti-Israel fury only as a pretext
for neo-Ottoman heroics. At any rate he chose the crucial moment for
it with his customary calculation. The World Economic Forum was held
in Switzerland in January 2009, a couple of weeks after the Israeli
campaign against Hamas in the Gaza Strip. Shimon Peres, the Israeli
president, was sitting next to Erdogan when the latter accused him of
murdering children on beaches. "When it comes to killing," he
fulminated in front of television cameras that ensured maximum
publicity, "you know it too well." Peres was too polite or too slow to
answer that Turkey has killed Armenians and Kurds in far greater
numbers than Israel has killed Arabs in all its wars put together.
This staged incident gave Erdogan the requisite Muslim credentials in
Iran and Arab countries, and he has followed up by sponsoring
Islamists trying to run the Gaza blockade from Turkish ports.
As though claiming sovereignty over lost Ottoman lands, Erdogan
boasted after his electoral victory this June, "Believe me, Sarajevo
won today as much as Istanbul. Beirut won as much as Izmir, Damascus
won as much as Ankara, Ramallah, Nablus, Jenin, the West Bank,
Jerusalem won as much as Diyarbakir."
Surprisingly, he seems not to have anticipated the immense
repercussions on the Middle East of today's Arab uprisings. At first,
he dismissed the Syrian turmoil as "a domestic issue." His foreign
minister spoke of "ties of trust" with the regime of Bashar Assad.
Turkey was thus in step with the Iranian ayatollahs who have turned
Syria into a protectorate so vital to the spread of their Islamism
that they are willing to protect its regime at any cost.
Turkey shares a border of 500 miles with Syria. Bashar, his murderous
brother Maher, and their thugs have killed many innocent people and
driven thousands more to flee into Turkey. The uprising might spread
unstoppably, the Kurds might take advantage of it, Israel could become
involved. Fear of instability is more powerful than Muslim solidarity.
Thus, in an abrupt and complete reversal of policy, Erdogan has
rounded on Iran and its Syrian client: He suddenly resorted to strong
language about the barbarism and savagery let loose on the far side of
the frontier, and he has permitted Syrian dissidents to hold a
conference in Antalya.
Angry ayatollahs in Tehran are warning ominously that a Turkey taking
this position is a rival and will face serious resistance from Iran,
Iraq, and Syria. As though he really were a sultan, Erdogan finds
himself in a reprise of the historic confrontation when Ottomans and
Iranians fought one another to a standstill on imperial, sectarian,
and ethnic grounds, with Arabs everywhere from Egypt to Mesopotamia
obliged to submit to the victor. Whether it's Turkey or Iran that ends
up as the dominant power over Syria will define the Middle East for
years to come.
August 01, 2011
The 'Sick Man,' Still - Turkish Islamization, Iran, Syria, and the
fate of the Middle East
by David Pryce-Jones
Question any of our political masters or their subordinates about
Turkey and they will be quick to assert that it has long proved its
faithfulness to Western values. Membership of NATO speaks for itself;
there's an important American air base at Incirlik; and for years,
Turkish leaders one and all have been petitioning the European Union
for admission. This is the one and only country in the Muslim Middle
East, it will also be said, that can pass as democratic and secular.
Habitual flattery of this kind masks the reality that superficial
imitative Westernization has barely touched Turkey's very un-European
history and culture, or the respect and honor that its people feel is
their due.
The Turkish republic that replaced the defeated Ottoman Empire after
World War I takes its modernizing ideology from Kemal Atatürk, the
founding father who knew his own mind and had the authority to enforce
it on his people. Islam for him was the cause as well as the guarantee
of backwardness, and he did what he could to break its hold.
Official visitors are expected to lay a wreath at his rather
forbidding mausoleum in Ankara, rather as politicians visiting Beijing
have to do formal obeisance to Mao Tse-tung. Atatürk's lasting
contribution was to make the military the real guardians of the
constitution of his new republic. Four coups in the last 50 years, and
such events as the arrest and hanging of Prime Minister Adnan Menderes
in 1960, prove where real power has lain. In the Muslim Middle East,
the paradox of the military's resorting to authoritarian methods to
safeguard secular democracy has been special to Turkey.
Since 2003, Recep Tayyip Erdogan has been prime minister, and he is
now at the start of his third term in office. One of his declared
objectives is a new constitution, and it is clear by now that he is
reworking Atatürk's legacy. He is setting himself up to have a
monopoly on power. Born in 1954, the son of a member of the coast
guard, Erdogan is no doubt a sincere Muslim, neither an extremist nor
a philosopher but convinced by upbringing and instinct that Islam and
patriotism are one and the same thing, and any Turk who disagrees with
him will have to be brought into line. Briefly a semi-professional
footballer, he has been a fully professional politician all his adult
life. Mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998, he was in office when, in a
speech to a large public gathering, he quoted some lines of a
nationalist poet that are famous for their Muslim triumphalism: "The
mosques are our barracks, the domes our helmets, the minarets our
bayonets, and the faithful our soldiers."
Upon being arrested for this, he is said to have shouted that the song
is not yet over. After four months in jail, he became a national
figure, founder and moving spirit of the Justice and Development
party, AKP in its Turkish initials, and finally prime minister.
A successful administrator, he has stabilized the currency, mastered
inflation, and delivered impressive economic growth, all of which has
encouraged voters to trust him. The opposition, the Republican
People's party, or CHP in its Turkish initials, has been in disarray,
poorly led and preoccupied with factional and personal disputes that
leave the field clear for Erdogan.
He has been as ruthless as his predecessors in dealing with the Kurds:
Depending on who is doing the counting, Turkish Kurds number somewhere
between 10 and 20 million, or maybe 15 percent of the population. Most
of them live in the southeast of the country, and all are suspected of
a nationalist ambition to have a state of their own with a capital in
Diyarbakir. This might be a threat to Turkey's territorial integrity,
and accordingly they are regularly persecuted on ethnic, linguistic,
and cultural grounds. In one particularly symbolic instance, Leyla
Zana, a well-known member of parliament, added a phrase in Kurdish to
the oath of loyalty she had to swear, and was sentenced for this to 15
years in prison. (Twice she's been recommended for the Nobel peace
prize.) The Kurdistan Workers' party, or PKK, nominally Marxist but
realistically nationalist, has been waging a war of liberation for
decades. In the past 30 years, 40,000 Kurds are estimated to have been
killed; and 3,000 Kurdish villages destroyed, leaving some 350,000
refugees to make their own way, many of them fleeing to Scandinavia,
Germany, and Australia.
The PKK had a base in Syria until, in 1998, Turkey threatened to go to
war to close it. Hunted down, Abdullah Ocalan, the movement's leader,
remains in prison in Turkey, apparently reprieved from a death
sentence. PKK guerrillas make regular incursions from Iraqi Kurdistan,
and Turkish armored columns then invade Iraq in reprisal.
Kurds are not alone in being abused: Christians in Turkey are victims
of the Islamization that is affecting the political and emotional
climate of every Muslim country. Of the approximately 60 Catholic
priests in the country, two have been killed in the last five years,
one of them beheaded to cries of "Allahu akbar." Fr. Andrea Santoro
was shot dead from behind while saying his prayers. "I have killed the
Great Satan!" was the Iranian-style exclamation of the man who
murdered Bp. Luigi Padovese, the Vatican representative in Anatolia.
("We don't want to mix up this tragic episode with Islam," was Pope
Benedict's inexplicable comment.) In Malatya -- hometown of Mehmet Ali
Agca, who shot and wounded Pope John Paul II -- three employees of a
small company publishing Bibles had their throats cut; two of them
were Muslim converts to Christianity.
Hundreds of judges and professors have been dismissed, in order to
control justice and education. Broadly drawn, Article 301 of the penal
code makes it illegal to insult Turkey, Turkish ethnicity, or Turkish
government institutions. Over a thousand people have been brought to
the courts under this article. One of the first to challenge it
directly was Orhan Pamuk, the 2006 Nobel prize winner for literature,
who wrote in 2005: "Thirty thousand Kurds have been killed here, and a
million Armenians. And almost nobody dares to mention that. So I do."
His prosecution raised such an international scandal that the judge
felt obliged to find legal grounds for suspending the case. In the
end, Pamuk was merely fined a quite small sum for offending the honor
of a few plaintiffs.
Others have not been so fortunate. The Turkish-Armenian journalist
Hrant Dink was prosecuted in 2006 for insulting Turkishness, and
received a six-month suspended sentence. Radical nationalists then
assassinated him, after which Dink was posthumously acquitted of the
charge. At the latest count, 63 journalists are held in custody: a
greater number than in any other country, including Iran and China.
Four months ago, Ahmet Sik and Nedim Sener, two journalists in the
public eye, were arrested. The latter had written a couple of books
about the murder of Hrant Dink. The Istanbul prosecutor denied that
the arrest of these two had anything to do with their writings, but
then claimed that confidentiality prevented him from giving the reason
for their arrest. Dogan, one of the country's largest media groups and
critical of the government, has been crippled by a fine of $3.05
billion for alleged unpaid taxes. The owner and some of the staff of
OdaTV, also critical of the government, were arrested. Thousands of
websites have been closed, and only last month 32 people were arrested
on a charge of plotting against government websites. Erdogan in person
has sued dozens of cartoonists and journalists for defamation. The
Turkish Journalists' Association rightly protests about a "climate of
fear."
The military could in theory have turned the tables on Erdogan with
yet another coup. Blindly, the European Union has succeeded in making
the army renounce any political role as a condition of Turkish
admission; Erdogan, therefore, has had the opening to strike and
cripple the military.
Ergenekon is a word borrowed appropriately from Turkish mythology, and
used since 2007 as the code name for a supposed conspiracy in the
armed forces to oust him. Five hundred or so people have been
arrested. Some sources say that, so far, 270 have been brought to
court, while others put that number nearer 300. Members of parliament
from the opposition CHP have been roped in, and two of them have been
awaiting trial for two years. Proceedings follow quite closely those
of the 1937 trials in the Soviet Union, when Stalin destroyed Marshal
Tukhachevsky and other generals who he feared might act against him.
Charges were invented that these officers were conspiring with the
Japanese, the Gestapo, British intelligence, or whomever. Just as
absurdly, Turkish officers are alleged to be plotting with Greeks,
Armenians, the PKK, even Christian missionaries. Erdogan delivered the
memorably opaque observation, "There is a deep Turkey working against
the deep state." Few, however, believe that Ergenekon is anything more
than an ordinary play for power: So far, not a single one of the
accused has been convicted.
In 2003, Turkey voted not to allow American forces to enter Iraq
through its territory. Taking further distance from the United States,
Erdogan has protected Iran from sanctions and cooperated with Brazil
in a vain effort to gain the world's acceptance of the Iranian nuclear
program. In April 2009, Turkey was the first Muslim country that
Barack Obama visited as president. In his main speech there, he
declared that "the United States is not and will never be at war with
Islam" and also that "we do not consider ourselves a Christian nation"
(he added that the nation isn't Jewish or Muslim either, but the
qualification tends to get lost in amazement at the apologetics).
Calling Turkey "a critical ally," he boosted its EU membership --
though this surely was none of his business -- and he further
rhapsodized about some future all-embracing "modern international
community." Mention was not made of persecuted minorities, mythical
conspiracies, or wrongful arrests. Secular Turks could only draw the
unwelcome conclusion that Obama was telling them that the U.S.
actively supports Islamism in their country. In Erdogan's
interpretation, the U.S. was abandoning its interests in the region.
Here was the invitation to restore the glory of the pre-Atatürk era,
when Turkey was the preeminent Muslim power: He would be the
neo-Ottoman sultan.
Quite probably, Erdogan is venting anti-Israel fury only as a pretext
for neo-Ottoman heroics. At any rate he chose the crucial moment for
it with his customary calculation. The World Economic Forum was held
in Switzerland in January 2009, a couple of weeks after the Israeli
campaign against Hamas in the Gaza Strip. Shimon Peres, the Israeli
president, was sitting next to Erdogan when the latter accused him of
murdering children on beaches. "When it comes to killing," he
fulminated in front of television cameras that ensured maximum
publicity, "you know it too well." Peres was too polite or too slow to
answer that Turkey has killed Armenians and Kurds in far greater
numbers than Israel has killed Arabs in all its wars put together.
This staged incident gave Erdogan the requisite Muslim credentials in
Iran and Arab countries, and he has followed up by sponsoring
Islamists trying to run the Gaza blockade from Turkish ports.
As though claiming sovereignty over lost Ottoman lands, Erdogan
boasted after his electoral victory this June, "Believe me, Sarajevo
won today as much as Istanbul. Beirut won as much as Izmir, Damascus
won as much as Ankara, Ramallah, Nablus, Jenin, the West Bank,
Jerusalem won as much as Diyarbakir."
Surprisingly, he seems not to have anticipated the immense
repercussions on the Middle East of today's Arab uprisings. At first,
he dismissed the Syrian turmoil as "a domestic issue." His foreign
minister spoke of "ties of trust" with the regime of Bashar Assad.
Turkey was thus in step with the Iranian ayatollahs who have turned
Syria into a protectorate so vital to the spread of their Islamism
that they are willing to protect its regime at any cost.
Turkey shares a border of 500 miles with Syria. Bashar, his murderous
brother Maher, and their thugs have killed many innocent people and
driven thousands more to flee into Turkey. The uprising might spread
unstoppably, the Kurds might take advantage of it, Israel could become
involved. Fear of instability is more powerful than Muslim solidarity.
Thus, in an abrupt and complete reversal of policy, Erdogan has
rounded on Iran and its Syrian client: He suddenly resorted to strong
language about the barbarism and savagery let loose on the far side of
the frontier, and he has permitted Syrian dissidents to hold a
conference in Antalya.
Angry ayatollahs in Tehran are warning ominously that a Turkey taking
this position is a rival and will face serious resistance from Iran,
Iraq, and Syria. As though he really were a sultan, Erdogan finds
himself in a reprise of the historic confrontation when Ottomans and
Iranians fought one another to a standstill on imperial, sectarian,
and ethnic grounds, with Arabs everywhere from Egypt to Mesopotamia
obliged to submit to the victor. Whether it's Turkey or Iran that ends
up as the dominant power over Syria will define the Middle East for
years to come.