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REMEMBERING INDIA'S FORGOTTEN HOLOCAUST
Lankaweb, Sri Lanka
July 11 2014
Posted on July 10th, 2014
Rakesh Krishnan Simha - Courtesy tehelka.com
[British policies killed nearly 4 million Indians in the 1943-44
Bengal Famine]
The Bengal Famine of 1943-44 must rank as the greatest disaster in
the subcontinent in the 20th century.
Nearly 4 million Indians died because of an artificial famine created
by the British government, and yet it gets little more than a passing
mention in Indian history books.
What is remarkable about the scale of the disaster is its time span.
World War II was at its peak and the Germans were rampaging across
Europe, targeting Jews, Slavs and the Roma for extermination.
It took Adolf Hitler and his Nazi cohorts 12 years to round up and
murder 6 million Jews, but their Teutonic cousins, the British,
managed to kill almost 4 million Indians in just over a year, with
Prime Minister Winston Churchill cheering from the sidelines.
Australian biochemist Dr Gideon Polya has called the Bengal Famine
a manmade holocaust" because Churchill's policies were directly
responsible for the disaster.
Bengal had a bountiful harvest in 1942, but the British started
diverting vast quantities of food grain from India to Britain,
contributing to a massive food shortage in the areas comprising
present-day West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar and Bangladesh.
Author Madhusree Mukerjee tracked down some of the survivors and
paints a chilling picture of the effects of hunger and deprivation.
In Churchill's Secret War, she writes: Parents dumped their starving
children into rivers and wells. Many took their lives by throwing
themselves in front of trains. Starving people begged for the starchy
water in which rice had been boiled. Children ate leaves and vines,
yam stems and grass. People were too weak even to cremate their
loved ones."
No one had the strength to perform rites," a survivor tells Mukerjee.
Dogs and jackals feasted on piles of dead bodies in Bengal's villages."
The ones who got away were men who migrated to Calcutta for jobs
and women who turned to prostitution to feed their families. Mothers
had turned into murderers, village belles into whores, fathers into
traffickers of daughters," writes Mukerjee.
Mani Bhaumik, the first to get a PhD from the IITs and whose invention
of excimer surgery enabled Lasik eye surgery, has the famine etched
in his memory. His grandmother starved to death because she used to
give him a portion of her food.
By 1943 hordes of starving people were flooding into Calcutta, most
dying on the streets. The sight of well-fed white British soldiers
amidst this apocalyptic landscape was the final judgement on British
rule in India", said the Anglophile Jawaharlal Nehru.
Churchill could easily have prevented the famine. Even a few shipments
of food grain would have helped, but the British prime minister
adamantly turned down appeals from two successive Viceroys, his own
Secretary of State for India and even the President of the US .
Subhas Chandra Bose, who was then fighting on the side of the Axis
forces, offered to send rice from Myanmar, but the British censors
did not even allow his offer to be reported.
Churchill was totally remorseless in diverting food to the British
troops and Greek civilians. To him, the starvation of anyhow underfed
Bengalis (was) less serious than sturdy Greeks", a sentiment with
which Secretary of State for India and Burma, Leopold Amery, concurred.
Amery was an arch-colonialist and yet he denounced Churchill's
Hitler-like attitude".
Urgently beseeched by Amery and the then Viceroy Archibald Wavell to
release food stocks for India, Churchill responded with a telegram
asking why Gandhi hadn't died yet.
Wavell informed London that the famine was one of the greatest
disasters that has befallen any people under British rule". He said
when Holland needs food, ships will of course be available, quite a
different answer to the one we get whenever we ask for ships to bring
food to India".
Churchill's excuse -- currently being peddled by his family and
supporters -- was Britain could not spare the ships to transport
emergency supplies, but Mukerjee has unearthed documents that challenge
his claim.
She cites official records that reveal ships carrying grain from
Australia bypassed India on their way to the Mediterranean.
Churchill's hostility toward Indians has long been documented. At a
War Cabinet meeting, he blamed the Indians themselves for the famine,
saying they breed like rabbits". His attitude toward Indians may be
summed up in his words to Amery: I hate Indians. They are a beastly
people with a beastly religion."
On another occasion, he insisted they were the beastliest people in
the world next to the Germans".
According to Mukerjee, Churchill's attitude toward India was quite
extreme, and he hated Indians, mainly because he knew India couldn't
be held for very long."
She writes in The Huffington Post, Churchill regarded wheat as too
precious a food to expend on non-whites, let alone on recalcitrant
subjects who were demanding independence from the British Empire. He
preferred to stockpile the grain to feed Europeans after the war
was over."
In October 1943, at the peak of the famine, Churchill said at a lavish
banquet to mark Wavell's appointment: When we look back over the
course of years, we see one part of the world's surface where there
has been no war for three generations. Famines have passed away --
until the horrors of war and the dislocations of war have given us
a taste of them again -- and pestilence has gone... This episode in
Indian history will surely become the Golden Age as time passes,
when the British gave them peace and order, and there was justice
for the poor, and all men were shielded from outside dangers."
Churchill was not only a racist but also a liar.
A history of holocausts
To be sure, Churchill's policy towards famine-stricken Bengal wasn't
any different from earlier British conduct in India.
In Late Victorian Holocausts, Mike Davis points out that here were
31 serious famines in 120 years of British rule compared with 17 in
the 2,000 years before British rule.
In his book, Davis tells the story of the famines that killed up to
29 million Indians.
These people were, he says, murdered by British State policy.
In 1876, when drought destituted the farmers of the Deccan plateau,
there was a net surplus of rice and wheat in India.
But the Viceroy, Robert Bulwer-Lytton, insisted that nothing should
prevent their export to England.
In 1877 and 1878, at the height of the famine, grain merchants
exported record quantities of grain. As the peasants began to starve,
government officials were ordered to discourage relief works in every
possible way".
The only relief permitted in most districts was hard labour, from
which anyone in an advanced state of starvation was turned away.
Within these labour camps, the workers were given less food than the
Jewish inmates of Buchenwald, the Nazi concentration camp of World
War II.
Even as millions died, Lytton ignored all efforts to alleviate the
suffering of millions of peasants in the Madras region and concentrated
on preparing for Queen Victoria's investiture as Empress of India. The
highlight of the celebrations was a week-long feast at which 68,000
dignitaries heard her promise the nation happiness, prosperity and
welfare".
In 1901, The Lancet estimated that at least 19 million Indians had
died in western India during the famine of the 1890s. The death toll
was so high because the British refused to implement famine relief.
Davis says life expectancy in India fell by 20 percent between 1872
and 1921.
So it's hardly surprising that Hitler's favourite film was The Lives of
a Bengal Lancer, which showed a handful of Britons holding a continent
in thrall. The Nazi leader told the then British Foreign Secretary
Edward Wood (Earl of Halifax) that it was one of his favorite films
because that was how a superior race must behave and the film was
compulsory viewing for the SS (Schutz-Staffel, the Nazi 'protection
squadron')".
Crime and consequences
While Britain has offered apologies to other nations, such as Kenya
for the Mau Mau massacre, India continues to have such genocides swept
under the carpet. Other nationalities have set a good example for us.
Israel, for instance, cannot forget the Holocaust; neither will it
let others, least of all the Germans. Germany continues to dole out
hundreds of millions of dollars in cash and arms aid to Israel.
Armenia cannot forget the Great Crime -- the systematic massacre of
1.8 million Armenians by the Turks during World War I.
The Poles cannot forget Joseph Stalin's Katyn massacre.
The Chinese want a clear apology and reparations from the Japanese
for at least 40,000 killed and raped in Nanking during World War II.
And then there is the bizarre case of the Ukrainians, who like to
call a famine caused by Stalin's economic policies as genocide,
which it clearly was not. They even have a word for it: Holodomor.
And yet India alone refuses to ask for reparations, let alone an
apology.
Could it be because the British were the last in a long list of
invaders, so why bother with an England suffering from post-imperial
depression?
Or is it because India's English-speaking elites feel beholden to
the British?
Or are we simply a nation condemned to repeating our historical
mistakes?
Perhaps we forgive too easily.
But forgiveness is different from forgetting, which is what Indians
are guilty of. It is an insult to the memory of millions of Indians
whose lives were snuffed out in artificial famines.
British attitudes towards Indians have to seen in the backdrop of
India's contribution to the Allied war campaign.
By 1943, more than 2.5 million Indian soldiers were fighting alongside
the Allies in Europe, Africa and Southeast Asia. Vast quantities of
arms, ammunition and raw materials sourced from across the country
were shipped to Europe at no cost to Britain.
Britain's debt to India is too great to be ignored by either nation.
According to Cambridge University historians Tim Harper and Christopher
Bayly, It was Indian soldiers, civilian labourers and businessmen
who made possible the victory of 1945. Their price was the rapid
independence of India."
There is not enough wealth in all of Europe to compensate India for
250 years of colonial loot.
Forget the money, do the British at least have the grace to offer
an apology?
http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2014/07/10/remembering-indias-forgotten-holocaust/
Lankaweb, Sri Lanka
July 11 2014
Posted on July 10th, 2014
Rakesh Krishnan Simha - Courtesy tehelka.com
[British policies killed nearly 4 million Indians in the 1943-44
Bengal Famine]
The Bengal Famine of 1943-44 must rank as the greatest disaster in
the subcontinent in the 20th century.
Nearly 4 million Indians died because of an artificial famine created
by the British government, and yet it gets little more than a passing
mention in Indian history books.
What is remarkable about the scale of the disaster is its time span.
World War II was at its peak and the Germans were rampaging across
Europe, targeting Jews, Slavs and the Roma for extermination.
It took Adolf Hitler and his Nazi cohorts 12 years to round up and
murder 6 million Jews, but their Teutonic cousins, the British,
managed to kill almost 4 million Indians in just over a year, with
Prime Minister Winston Churchill cheering from the sidelines.
Australian biochemist Dr Gideon Polya has called the Bengal Famine
a manmade holocaust" because Churchill's policies were directly
responsible for the disaster.
Bengal had a bountiful harvest in 1942, but the British started
diverting vast quantities of food grain from India to Britain,
contributing to a massive food shortage in the areas comprising
present-day West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar and Bangladesh.
Author Madhusree Mukerjee tracked down some of the survivors and
paints a chilling picture of the effects of hunger and deprivation.
In Churchill's Secret War, she writes: Parents dumped their starving
children into rivers and wells. Many took their lives by throwing
themselves in front of trains. Starving people begged for the starchy
water in which rice had been boiled. Children ate leaves and vines,
yam stems and grass. People were too weak even to cremate their
loved ones."
No one had the strength to perform rites," a survivor tells Mukerjee.
Dogs and jackals feasted on piles of dead bodies in Bengal's villages."
The ones who got away were men who migrated to Calcutta for jobs
and women who turned to prostitution to feed their families. Mothers
had turned into murderers, village belles into whores, fathers into
traffickers of daughters," writes Mukerjee.
Mani Bhaumik, the first to get a PhD from the IITs and whose invention
of excimer surgery enabled Lasik eye surgery, has the famine etched
in his memory. His grandmother starved to death because she used to
give him a portion of her food.
By 1943 hordes of starving people were flooding into Calcutta, most
dying on the streets. The sight of well-fed white British soldiers
amidst this apocalyptic landscape was the final judgement on British
rule in India", said the Anglophile Jawaharlal Nehru.
Churchill could easily have prevented the famine. Even a few shipments
of food grain would have helped, but the British prime minister
adamantly turned down appeals from two successive Viceroys, his own
Secretary of State for India and even the President of the US .
Subhas Chandra Bose, who was then fighting on the side of the Axis
forces, offered to send rice from Myanmar, but the British censors
did not even allow his offer to be reported.
Churchill was totally remorseless in diverting food to the British
troops and Greek civilians. To him, the starvation of anyhow underfed
Bengalis (was) less serious than sturdy Greeks", a sentiment with
which Secretary of State for India and Burma, Leopold Amery, concurred.
Amery was an arch-colonialist and yet he denounced Churchill's
Hitler-like attitude".
Urgently beseeched by Amery and the then Viceroy Archibald Wavell to
release food stocks for India, Churchill responded with a telegram
asking why Gandhi hadn't died yet.
Wavell informed London that the famine was one of the greatest
disasters that has befallen any people under British rule". He said
when Holland needs food, ships will of course be available, quite a
different answer to the one we get whenever we ask for ships to bring
food to India".
Churchill's excuse -- currently being peddled by his family and
supporters -- was Britain could not spare the ships to transport
emergency supplies, but Mukerjee has unearthed documents that challenge
his claim.
She cites official records that reveal ships carrying grain from
Australia bypassed India on their way to the Mediterranean.
Churchill's hostility toward Indians has long been documented. At a
War Cabinet meeting, he blamed the Indians themselves for the famine,
saying they breed like rabbits". His attitude toward Indians may be
summed up in his words to Amery: I hate Indians. They are a beastly
people with a beastly religion."
On another occasion, he insisted they were the beastliest people in
the world next to the Germans".
According to Mukerjee, Churchill's attitude toward India was quite
extreme, and he hated Indians, mainly because he knew India couldn't
be held for very long."
She writes in The Huffington Post, Churchill regarded wheat as too
precious a food to expend on non-whites, let alone on recalcitrant
subjects who were demanding independence from the British Empire. He
preferred to stockpile the grain to feed Europeans after the war
was over."
In October 1943, at the peak of the famine, Churchill said at a lavish
banquet to mark Wavell's appointment: When we look back over the
course of years, we see one part of the world's surface where there
has been no war for three generations. Famines have passed away --
until the horrors of war and the dislocations of war have given us
a taste of them again -- and pestilence has gone... This episode in
Indian history will surely become the Golden Age as time passes,
when the British gave them peace and order, and there was justice
for the poor, and all men were shielded from outside dangers."
Churchill was not only a racist but also a liar.
A history of holocausts
To be sure, Churchill's policy towards famine-stricken Bengal wasn't
any different from earlier British conduct in India.
In Late Victorian Holocausts, Mike Davis points out that here were
31 serious famines in 120 years of British rule compared with 17 in
the 2,000 years before British rule.
In his book, Davis tells the story of the famines that killed up to
29 million Indians.
These people were, he says, murdered by British State policy.
In 1876, when drought destituted the farmers of the Deccan plateau,
there was a net surplus of rice and wheat in India.
But the Viceroy, Robert Bulwer-Lytton, insisted that nothing should
prevent their export to England.
In 1877 and 1878, at the height of the famine, grain merchants
exported record quantities of grain. As the peasants began to starve,
government officials were ordered to discourage relief works in every
possible way".
The only relief permitted in most districts was hard labour, from
which anyone in an advanced state of starvation was turned away.
Within these labour camps, the workers were given less food than the
Jewish inmates of Buchenwald, the Nazi concentration camp of World
War II.
Even as millions died, Lytton ignored all efforts to alleviate the
suffering of millions of peasants in the Madras region and concentrated
on preparing for Queen Victoria's investiture as Empress of India. The
highlight of the celebrations was a week-long feast at which 68,000
dignitaries heard her promise the nation happiness, prosperity and
welfare".
In 1901, The Lancet estimated that at least 19 million Indians had
died in western India during the famine of the 1890s. The death toll
was so high because the British refused to implement famine relief.
Davis says life expectancy in India fell by 20 percent between 1872
and 1921.
So it's hardly surprising that Hitler's favourite film was The Lives of
a Bengal Lancer, which showed a handful of Britons holding a continent
in thrall. The Nazi leader told the then British Foreign Secretary
Edward Wood (Earl of Halifax) that it was one of his favorite films
because that was how a superior race must behave and the film was
compulsory viewing for the SS (Schutz-Staffel, the Nazi 'protection
squadron')".
Crime and consequences
While Britain has offered apologies to other nations, such as Kenya
for the Mau Mau massacre, India continues to have such genocides swept
under the carpet. Other nationalities have set a good example for us.
Israel, for instance, cannot forget the Holocaust; neither will it
let others, least of all the Germans. Germany continues to dole out
hundreds of millions of dollars in cash and arms aid to Israel.
Armenia cannot forget the Great Crime -- the systematic massacre of
1.8 million Armenians by the Turks during World War I.
The Poles cannot forget Joseph Stalin's Katyn massacre.
The Chinese want a clear apology and reparations from the Japanese
for at least 40,000 killed and raped in Nanking during World War II.
And then there is the bizarre case of the Ukrainians, who like to
call a famine caused by Stalin's economic policies as genocide,
which it clearly was not. They even have a word for it: Holodomor.
And yet India alone refuses to ask for reparations, let alone an
apology.
Could it be because the British were the last in a long list of
invaders, so why bother with an England suffering from post-imperial
depression?
Or is it because India's English-speaking elites feel beholden to
the British?
Or are we simply a nation condemned to repeating our historical
mistakes?
Perhaps we forgive too easily.
But forgiveness is different from forgetting, which is what Indians
are guilty of. It is an insult to the memory of millions of Indians
whose lives were snuffed out in artificial famines.
British attitudes towards Indians have to seen in the backdrop of
India's contribution to the Allied war campaign.
By 1943, more than 2.5 million Indian soldiers were fighting alongside
the Allies in Europe, Africa and Southeast Asia. Vast quantities of
arms, ammunition and raw materials sourced from across the country
were shipped to Europe at no cost to Britain.
Britain's debt to India is too great to be ignored by either nation.
According to Cambridge University historians Tim Harper and Christopher
Bayly, It was Indian soldiers, civilian labourers and businessmen
who made possible the victory of 1945. Their price was the rapid
independence of India."
There is not enough wealth in all of Europe to compensate India for
250 years of colonial loot.
Forget the money, do the British at least have the grace to offer
an apology?
http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2014/07/10/remembering-indias-forgotten-holocaust/