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RUSSIAN BORDERLANDS: THE VIEW FROM AZERBAIJAN
The Market Oracle
May 12 2014
Politics / GeoPolitics May 12, 2014 - 03:06 PM GMT
By: STRATFOR
I arrive in Azerbaijan as the country celebrates Victory Day, the
day successor states of the former Soviet Union celebrate the defeat
of Germany in World War II. No one knows how many Soviet citizens
died in that war -- perhaps 22 million. The number is staggering and
represents both the incompetence and magnificence of Russia, which
led the Soviets in war. Any understanding of Russia that speaks of
one without the other is flawed.
As I write, fireworks are going off over the Caspian Sea. The
pyrotechnics are long and elaborate, sounding like an artillery
barrage. They are a reminder that Baku was perhaps the most important
place in the Nazi-Soviet war. It produced almost all of the Soviet
Union's petroleum. The Germans were desperate for it and wanted to deny
it to Moscow. Germany's strategy after 1942, including the infamous
battle of Stalingrad, turned on Baku's oil. In the end, the Germans
threw an army against the high Caucasus guarding Baku. In response,
an army raised in the Caucasus fought and defeated them. The Soviets
won the war. They wouldn't have if the Germans had reached Baku. It
is symbolic, at least to me, that these celebrations blend into
the anniversary of the birth of Heydar Aliyev, the late president
of Azerbaijan who endured the war and later forged the post-Soviet
identity of his country. He would have been 91 on May 10.
Baku is strategic again today, partly because of oil. I've started
the journey here partly by convenience and partly because Azerbaijan
is key to any counter-Russian strategy that might emerge. My purpose
on this trip is to get a sense of the degree to which individual
European states feel threatened by Russia, and if they do, the level
of effort and risk they are prepared to endure. For Europe does not
exist as anything more than a geographic expression; it is the fears
and efforts of the individual nation-states constituting it that will
determine the course of this affair. Each nation is different, and
each makes its own calculus of interest. My interest is to understand
their thinking, not only about Russia but also about the European
Union, the United States and ultimately themselves. Each is unique;
it isn't possible to make a general statement about them.
Some question whether the Caucasus region and neighboring Turkey
are geographically part of Europe. There are many academic ways to
approach this question. My approach, however, is less sophisticated.
Modern European history cannot be understood without understanding
the Ottoman Empire and the fact that it conquered much of the
southeastern part of the European peninsula. Russia conquered the
three Caucasian states -- Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan -- and many
of their institutions are Russian, hence European. If an organic
European expression does exist, it can be argued to be Eurovision,
the pan-continental music competition. The Azerbaijanis won it in 2011,
which should settle any debate on their "Europeanness."
But more important, a strategy to block Russia is hard to imagine
without including its southern flank. There is much talk of sanctions
on Russia. But sanctions can be countered and always ignore a key
truth: Russia has always been economically dysfunctional. It has
created great empires and defeated Napoleon and Hitler in spite of
that. Undermining Russia's economy may be possible, but that does
not always undermine Russia's military power. That Soviet military
power outlived the economically driven collapse of the Soviet Union
confirms this point. And the issue at the moment is military.
The solution found for dealing with the Soviet Union during the Cold
War was containment. The architect of this strategy was diplomat
George Kennan, whose realist approach to geopolitics may have
lost some adherents but not its relevance. A cordon sanitaire was
constructed around the Soviet Union through a system of alliances. In
the end, the Soviets were unable to expand and choked on their own
inefficiency. There is a strange view abroad that the 21st century
is dramatically different from all prior centuries and such thinking
is obsolete. I have no idea why this should be so. The 21st century
is simply another century, and there has been no transcendence of
history. Containment was a core strategy and it seems likely that it
will be adopted again -- if countries like Azerbaijan are prepared
to participate.
To understand Azerbaijan you must begin with two issues: oil and a
unique approach to Islam. At the beginning of the 20th century, over
half the world's oil production originated near Baku, the capital of
Azerbaijan. Hence Hitler's strategy after 1942. Today, Azerbaijani
energy production is massive, but it cannot substitute for Russia's
production. Russian energy production, meanwhile, defines part of the
strategic equation. Many European countries depend substantially on
Russian energy, particularly natural gas. They have few alternatives.
There is talk of U.S. energy being shipped to Europe, but building
the infrastructure for that (even if there are supplies) will take
many years before it can reduce Europe's dependence on Russia.
Withholding energy would be part of any Russian counter to Western
pressure, even if Russia were to suffer itself. Any strategy against
Russia must address the energy issue, begin with Azerbaijan, and be
about more than production. Azerbaijan is not a major producer of
gas compared to oil. On the other side of the Caspian Sea, however,
Turkmenistan is. Its resources, coupled with Azerbaijan's, would
provide a significant alternative to Russian energy. Turkmenistan has
an interest in not selling through Russia and would be interested in
a Trans-Caspian pipeline. That pipeline would have to pass through
Azerbaijan, connecting onward to infrastructure in Turkey. Assuming
Moscow had no effective counters, this would begin to provide a
serious alternative to Russian energy and decrease Moscow's leverage.
But this would all depend on Baku's willingness and ability to resist
pressure from every direction.
Azerbaijan lies between Russia and Iran. Russia is the traditional
occupier of Azerbaijan and its return is what Baku fears the most.
Iran is partly an Azeri country. Nearly a quarter of its citizens,
including Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, are Azeri. But while both Azerbaijan
and Iran are predominantly Shiite, Azerbaijan is a militantly secular
state. Partly due to the Soviet experience and partly because of the
unique evolution of Azeri identity since the 19th century, Azerbaijan
separates the private practice of Islam from public life. I recall
once attending a Jewish Passover feast in Baku that was presided over
by an Orthodox rabbi, with security provided by the state. To be fair,
Iran has a Jewish minority that has its own lawmaker in parliament.
But any tolerance in Iran flows from theocratic dogma, whereas in
Azerbaijan it is rooted in a constitution that is more explicitly
secular than any in the European Union, save that of France.
This is just one obvious wedge between Azerbaijan and Iran, and Tehran
has made efforts to influence the Azeri population. For the moment,
relations are somewhat better but there is an insoluble tension that
derives from geopolitical reality and the fact that any attack on
Iran could come from Azerbaijan. Furthering this wedge are the close
relations between Azerbaijan and Israel. The United States currently
blocks most weapons sales to Azerbaijan. Israel -- with U.S. approval
-- sells the needed weapons. This gives us a sense of the complexity
of the relationship, recalling that complexity undermines alliances.
The complexity of alliances also defines Russia's reality. It occupies
the high Caucasus overlooking the plains of Azerbaijan. Armenia is a
Russian ally, bound by an agreement that permits Russian bases through
2044. Yerevan also plans to join the Moscow-led Customs Union, and
Russian firms own a large swath of the Armenian economy. Armenia feels
isolated. It remains hostile to Turkey for Ankara's unwillingness to
acknowledge events of a century ago as genocide. Armenia also fought
a war with Azerbaijan in the 1990s, shortly after independence, for a
region called Nagorno-Karabakh that had been part of Azerbaijan -- a
region that it lost in the war and wants back. Armenia, caught between
Turkey and an increasingly powerful Azerbaijan, regards Russia as a
guarantor of its national security.
For Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh remains a critical issue. Azerbaijan
holds that U.N. resolutions have made it clear that Armenia's attack
constituted a violation of international law, and a diplomatic process
set up in Minsk to resolve the crisis has proven ineffective.
Azerbaijan operates on two tracks on this issue. It pursues national
development, as can be seen in Baku, a city that reflects the oil
wealth of the country. It will not endanger that development, nor
will it forget about Nagorno-Karabakh. At some point, any nation
aligning itself with Azerbaijan will need to take a stand on this
frozen conflict, and that is a high price for most.
Which leads me to an interesting symmetry of incomprehension between
the United States and Azerbaijan. The United States does not want
to sell weapons directly to Azerbaijan because of what it regards
as violations of human rights by the Azerbaijani government. The
Americans find it incomprehensible that Baku, facing Russia and Iran
and needing the United States, cannot satisfy American sensibilities
by avoiding repression -- a change that would not threaten the regime.
Azerbaijan's answer is that it is precisely the threats it faces from
Iran and Russia that require Baku to maintain a security state. Both
countries send operatives into Azerbaijan to destabilize it. What the
Americans consider dissidents, Azerbaijan sees as agents of foreign
powers. Washington disputes this and continually offends Baku with
its pronouncements. The Azerbaijanis, meanwhile, continually offend
the Americans.
This is similar to the Nagorno-Karabakh issue. Most Americans have
never heard of it and don't care who owns it. For the Azerbaijanis,
this is an issue of fundamental historical importance. They cannot
understand how, after assisting the United States in Afghanistan,
risking close ties with Israel, maintaining a secular Islamic state and
more, the United States not only cannot help Baku with Nagorno-Karabakh
but also insists on criticizing Azerbaijan.
The question on human rights revolves around the interpretation of
who is being arrested and for what reason. For a long time this was an
issue that didn't need to be settled. But after the Ukrainian crisis,
U.S.-Azerbaijani relations became critical. It is not just energy;
rather, in the event of the creation of a containment alliance,
Azerbaijan is the southeastern anchor of the line on the Caspian Sea.
In addition, since Georgia is absolutely essential as a route for
pipelines, given Armenia's alliance with Russia, Azerbaijan's support
for Georgian independence is essential. Azerbaijan is the cornerstone
for any U.S.-sponsored Caucasus strategy, should it develop.
I do not want to get into the question of either Nagorno-Karabakh or
human rights in Azerbaijan. It is, for me, a fruitless issue arising
from the deep historical and cultural imperatives of each. But I must
take exception to one principle that the U.S. State Department has:
an unwillingness to do comparative analysis. In other words, the
State Department condemns all violations equally, whether by nations
hostile to the United States or friendly to it, whether by countries
with wholesale violations or those with more limited violations. When
the State Department does pull punches, there is a whiff of bias,
as with Georgia and Armenia, which -- while occasionally scolded --
absorb less criticism than Azerbaijan, despite each country's own
imperfect record.
Even assuming the validity of State Department criticism, no one
argues that Azerbaijani repression rises anywhere near the horrors
of Joseph Stalin. I use Stalin as an example because Franklin
Roosevelt allied the United States with Stalin to defeat Hitler and
didn't find it necessary to regularly condemn Stalin while the Soviet
Union was carrying the burden of fighting the war, thereby protecting
American interests. That same geopolitical realism animated Kennan and
ultimately created the alliance architecture that served the United
States throughout the Cold War. Is it necessary to offend someone who
will not change his behavior and whom you need for your strategy? The
State Department of an earlier era would say no.
It was interesting to attend a celebration of U.S.-Azerbaijani
relations in Washington the week before I came to Baku. In the past,
these events were subdued. This one was different, because many members
of Congress attended. Two guests were particularly significant. One
was Charles Schumer of New York, who declared the United States and
Azerbaijan to be great democracies. The second was Nancy Pelosi, long a
loyalist to Armenian interests. She didn't say much but chose to show
up. It is clear that the Ukrainian crisis triggered this turnout. It
is clear that Azerbaijan's importance is actually obvious to some
in Congress, and it is also clear that it signals tension over the
policy of criticizing human rights records without comparing them
to those of other countries and of ignoring the criticized country's
importance to American strategy.
This is not just about Azerbaijan. The United States will need to work
with Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary -- all of whom have been
found wanting by the State Department in some ways. This criticism
does not -- and will not -- produce change. Endless repetition of
the same is the height of ineffectiveness. It will instead make any
strategy the United States wants to construct in Europe ineffective.
In the end, I would argue that a comparison between Russia and these
other countries matters. Perfect friends are hard to find. Refusing
to sell weapons to someone you need is not a good way to create
an alliance.
In the past, it seemed that such an alliance was merely Cold War
nostalgia by people who did not realize and appreciate that we had
reached an age too wise to think of war and geopolitics. But the
events in Ukraine raise the possibility that those unreconstructed
in their cynicism toward the human condition may well have been right.
Alliances may in fact be needed. In that case, Roosevelt's attitude
toward Stalin is instructive.
"Borderlands: The View from Azerbaijan is republished with permission
of Stratfor."
http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article45564.html
From: A. Papazian
The Market Oracle
May 12 2014
Politics / GeoPolitics May 12, 2014 - 03:06 PM GMT
By: STRATFOR
I arrive in Azerbaijan as the country celebrates Victory Day, the
day successor states of the former Soviet Union celebrate the defeat
of Germany in World War II. No one knows how many Soviet citizens
died in that war -- perhaps 22 million. The number is staggering and
represents both the incompetence and magnificence of Russia, which
led the Soviets in war. Any understanding of Russia that speaks of
one without the other is flawed.
As I write, fireworks are going off over the Caspian Sea. The
pyrotechnics are long and elaborate, sounding like an artillery
barrage. They are a reminder that Baku was perhaps the most important
place in the Nazi-Soviet war. It produced almost all of the Soviet
Union's petroleum. The Germans were desperate for it and wanted to deny
it to Moscow. Germany's strategy after 1942, including the infamous
battle of Stalingrad, turned on Baku's oil. In the end, the Germans
threw an army against the high Caucasus guarding Baku. In response,
an army raised in the Caucasus fought and defeated them. The Soviets
won the war. They wouldn't have if the Germans had reached Baku. It
is symbolic, at least to me, that these celebrations blend into
the anniversary of the birth of Heydar Aliyev, the late president
of Azerbaijan who endured the war and later forged the post-Soviet
identity of his country. He would have been 91 on May 10.
Baku is strategic again today, partly because of oil. I've started
the journey here partly by convenience and partly because Azerbaijan
is key to any counter-Russian strategy that might emerge. My purpose
on this trip is to get a sense of the degree to which individual
European states feel threatened by Russia, and if they do, the level
of effort and risk they are prepared to endure. For Europe does not
exist as anything more than a geographic expression; it is the fears
and efforts of the individual nation-states constituting it that will
determine the course of this affair. Each nation is different, and
each makes its own calculus of interest. My interest is to understand
their thinking, not only about Russia but also about the European
Union, the United States and ultimately themselves. Each is unique;
it isn't possible to make a general statement about them.
Some question whether the Caucasus region and neighboring Turkey
are geographically part of Europe. There are many academic ways to
approach this question. My approach, however, is less sophisticated.
Modern European history cannot be understood without understanding
the Ottoman Empire and the fact that it conquered much of the
southeastern part of the European peninsula. Russia conquered the
three Caucasian states -- Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan -- and many
of their institutions are Russian, hence European. If an organic
European expression does exist, it can be argued to be Eurovision,
the pan-continental music competition. The Azerbaijanis won it in 2011,
which should settle any debate on their "Europeanness."
But more important, a strategy to block Russia is hard to imagine
without including its southern flank. There is much talk of sanctions
on Russia. But sanctions can be countered and always ignore a key
truth: Russia has always been economically dysfunctional. It has
created great empires and defeated Napoleon and Hitler in spite of
that. Undermining Russia's economy may be possible, but that does
not always undermine Russia's military power. That Soviet military
power outlived the economically driven collapse of the Soviet Union
confirms this point. And the issue at the moment is military.
The solution found for dealing with the Soviet Union during the Cold
War was containment. The architect of this strategy was diplomat
George Kennan, whose realist approach to geopolitics may have
lost some adherents but not its relevance. A cordon sanitaire was
constructed around the Soviet Union through a system of alliances. In
the end, the Soviets were unable to expand and choked on their own
inefficiency. There is a strange view abroad that the 21st century
is dramatically different from all prior centuries and such thinking
is obsolete. I have no idea why this should be so. The 21st century
is simply another century, and there has been no transcendence of
history. Containment was a core strategy and it seems likely that it
will be adopted again -- if countries like Azerbaijan are prepared
to participate.
To understand Azerbaijan you must begin with two issues: oil and a
unique approach to Islam. At the beginning of the 20th century, over
half the world's oil production originated near Baku, the capital of
Azerbaijan. Hence Hitler's strategy after 1942. Today, Azerbaijani
energy production is massive, but it cannot substitute for Russia's
production. Russian energy production, meanwhile, defines part of the
strategic equation. Many European countries depend substantially on
Russian energy, particularly natural gas. They have few alternatives.
There is talk of U.S. energy being shipped to Europe, but building
the infrastructure for that (even if there are supplies) will take
many years before it can reduce Europe's dependence on Russia.
Withholding energy would be part of any Russian counter to Western
pressure, even if Russia were to suffer itself. Any strategy against
Russia must address the energy issue, begin with Azerbaijan, and be
about more than production. Azerbaijan is not a major producer of
gas compared to oil. On the other side of the Caspian Sea, however,
Turkmenistan is. Its resources, coupled with Azerbaijan's, would
provide a significant alternative to Russian energy. Turkmenistan has
an interest in not selling through Russia and would be interested in
a Trans-Caspian pipeline. That pipeline would have to pass through
Azerbaijan, connecting onward to infrastructure in Turkey. Assuming
Moscow had no effective counters, this would begin to provide a
serious alternative to Russian energy and decrease Moscow's leverage.
But this would all depend on Baku's willingness and ability to resist
pressure from every direction.
Azerbaijan lies between Russia and Iran. Russia is the traditional
occupier of Azerbaijan and its return is what Baku fears the most.
Iran is partly an Azeri country. Nearly a quarter of its citizens,
including Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, are Azeri. But while both Azerbaijan
and Iran are predominantly Shiite, Azerbaijan is a militantly secular
state. Partly due to the Soviet experience and partly because of the
unique evolution of Azeri identity since the 19th century, Azerbaijan
separates the private practice of Islam from public life. I recall
once attending a Jewish Passover feast in Baku that was presided over
by an Orthodox rabbi, with security provided by the state. To be fair,
Iran has a Jewish minority that has its own lawmaker in parliament.
But any tolerance in Iran flows from theocratic dogma, whereas in
Azerbaijan it is rooted in a constitution that is more explicitly
secular than any in the European Union, save that of France.
This is just one obvious wedge between Azerbaijan and Iran, and Tehran
has made efforts to influence the Azeri population. For the moment,
relations are somewhat better but there is an insoluble tension that
derives from geopolitical reality and the fact that any attack on
Iran could come from Azerbaijan. Furthering this wedge are the close
relations between Azerbaijan and Israel. The United States currently
blocks most weapons sales to Azerbaijan. Israel -- with U.S. approval
-- sells the needed weapons. This gives us a sense of the complexity
of the relationship, recalling that complexity undermines alliances.
The complexity of alliances also defines Russia's reality. It occupies
the high Caucasus overlooking the plains of Azerbaijan. Armenia is a
Russian ally, bound by an agreement that permits Russian bases through
2044. Yerevan also plans to join the Moscow-led Customs Union, and
Russian firms own a large swath of the Armenian economy. Armenia feels
isolated. It remains hostile to Turkey for Ankara's unwillingness to
acknowledge events of a century ago as genocide. Armenia also fought
a war with Azerbaijan in the 1990s, shortly after independence, for a
region called Nagorno-Karabakh that had been part of Azerbaijan -- a
region that it lost in the war and wants back. Armenia, caught between
Turkey and an increasingly powerful Azerbaijan, regards Russia as a
guarantor of its national security.
For Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh remains a critical issue. Azerbaijan
holds that U.N. resolutions have made it clear that Armenia's attack
constituted a violation of international law, and a diplomatic process
set up in Minsk to resolve the crisis has proven ineffective.
Azerbaijan operates on two tracks on this issue. It pursues national
development, as can be seen in Baku, a city that reflects the oil
wealth of the country. It will not endanger that development, nor
will it forget about Nagorno-Karabakh. At some point, any nation
aligning itself with Azerbaijan will need to take a stand on this
frozen conflict, and that is a high price for most.
Which leads me to an interesting symmetry of incomprehension between
the United States and Azerbaijan. The United States does not want
to sell weapons directly to Azerbaijan because of what it regards
as violations of human rights by the Azerbaijani government. The
Americans find it incomprehensible that Baku, facing Russia and Iran
and needing the United States, cannot satisfy American sensibilities
by avoiding repression -- a change that would not threaten the regime.
Azerbaijan's answer is that it is precisely the threats it faces from
Iran and Russia that require Baku to maintain a security state. Both
countries send operatives into Azerbaijan to destabilize it. What the
Americans consider dissidents, Azerbaijan sees as agents of foreign
powers. Washington disputes this and continually offends Baku with
its pronouncements. The Azerbaijanis, meanwhile, continually offend
the Americans.
This is similar to the Nagorno-Karabakh issue. Most Americans have
never heard of it and don't care who owns it. For the Azerbaijanis,
this is an issue of fundamental historical importance. They cannot
understand how, after assisting the United States in Afghanistan,
risking close ties with Israel, maintaining a secular Islamic state and
more, the United States not only cannot help Baku with Nagorno-Karabakh
but also insists on criticizing Azerbaijan.
The question on human rights revolves around the interpretation of
who is being arrested and for what reason. For a long time this was an
issue that didn't need to be settled. But after the Ukrainian crisis,
U.S.-Azerbaijani relations became critical. It is not just energy;
rather, in the event of the creation of a containment alliance,
Azerbaijan is the southeastern anchor of the line on the Caspian Sea.
In addition, since Georgia is absolutely essential as a route for
pipelines, given Armenia's alliance with Russia, Azerbaijan's support
for Georgian independence is essential. Azerbaijan is the cornerstone
for any U.S.-sponsored Caucasus strategy, should it develop.
I do not want to get into the question of either Nagorno-Karabakh or
human rights in Azerbaijan. It is, for me, a fruitless issue arising
from the deep historical and cultural imperatives of each. But I must
take exception to one principle that the U.S. State Department has:
an unwillingness to do comparative analysis. In other words, the
State Department condemns all violations equally, whether by nations
hostile to the United States or friendly to it, whether by countries
with wholesale violations or those with more limited violations. When
the State Department does pull punches, there is a whiff of bias,
as with Georgia and Armenia, which -- while occasionally scolded --
absorb less criticism than Azerbaijan, despite each country's own
imperfect record.
Even assuming the validity of State Department criticism, no one
argues that Azerbaijani repression rises anywhere near the horrors
of Joseph Stalin. I use Stalin as an example because Franklin
Roosevelt allied the United States with Stalin to defeat Hitler and
didn't find it necessary to regularly condemn Stalin while the Soviet
Union was carrying the burden of fighting the war, thereby protecting
American interests. That same geopolitical realism animated Kennan and
ultimately created the alliance architecture that served the United
States throughout the Cold War. Is it necessary to offend someone who
will not change his behavior and whom you need for your strategy? The
State Department of an earlier era would say no.
It was interesting to attend a celebration of U.S.-Azerbaijani
relations in Washington the week before I came to Baku. In the past,
these events were subdued. This one was different, because many members
of Congress attended. Two guests were particularly significant. One
was Charles Schumer of New York, who declared the United States and
Azerbaijan to be great democracies. The second was Nancy Pelosi, long a
loyalist to Armenian interests. She didn't say much but chose to show
up. It is clear that the Ukrainian crisis triggered this turnout. It
is clear that Azerbaijan's importance is actually obvious to some
in Congress, and it is also clear that it signals tension over the
policy of criticizing human rights records without comparing them
to those of other countries and of ignoring the criticized country's
importance to American strategy.
This is not just about Azerbaijan. The United States will need to work
with Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary -- all of whom have been
found wanting by the State Department in some ways. This criticism
does not -- and will not -- produce change. Endless repetition of
the same is the height of ineffectiveness. It will instead make any
strategy the United States wants to construct in Europe ineffective.
In the end, I would argue that a comparison between Russia and these
other countries matters. Perfect friends are hard to find. Refusing
to sell weapons to someone you need is not a good way to create
an alliance.
In the past, it seemed that such an alliance was merely Cold War
nostalgia by people who did not realize and appreciate that we had
reached an age too wise to think of war and geopolitics. But the
events in Ukraine raise the possibility that those unreconstructed
in their cynicism toward the human condition may well have been right.
Alliances may in fact be needed. In that case, Roosevelt's attitude
toward Stalin is instructive.
"Borderlands: The View from Azerbaijan is republished with permission
of Stratfor."
http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article45564.html
From: A. Papazian