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Institute for War and Peace Reporting IWPR, UK
Sept 3 2009
INCHING FORWARD IN ARMENIAN-TURKISH TIES
Football diplomacy: where are we now?
By Tevan Poghosyan
On June 2008, Armenian President Serzh Sarkisian invited Turkish
counterpart Abdullah Gul to watch a match in Yerevan between the
Armenian and Turkish football teams. This triggered heated discussion
in both countries about what really lay behind the invitation.
The pressure to normalise relations increased after the war in Georgia
in August 2008, which demonstrated the vulnerability of all the
countries in the region to a repeat shock. Commentators in both
countries said the peace process would heighten stability in the south
Caucasus.
Turkey failed to maintain momentum, which initially seemed to have
harmed the opportunity for a resolution to the conflict in the south
Caucasus. What was seen in Yerevan as an anti-Armenian policy followed
by Ankara for the last 15 years appears to have cast a shadow over
moves towards peace. Doves argued, however, that the opening of the
border with Armenia and the establishment of diplomatic relations
would, in fact, open the way to addressing every dimension of the
conflict between Armenia and Turkey.
Hopes built again after April 22, 2009, when the two sides signed a
`road map' detailing measures to open the border, establish diplomatic
relations and set up a forum for considering current disputes.
Finally on August 31, Turkey and Armenia took a new step, and agreed
to start internal political consultations on two protocols ` the
`Protocol on the establishment of diplomatic relations' and the
`Protocol on the development of bilateral relations'.
The Caucasus Stability and Cooperation Platform
Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced his initiative
for a `Caucasus Stability and Cooperation Platform', CSCP, on August
13, 2008 in Moscow. The CSCP cannot come into effect if Turkey has not
established sound relations with all countries in the region. Without
a normalisation of Turkish-Armenian relations, it will be a dead
letter, and this has made Turkey keener to resolve outstanding
disputes.
The Reaction from Azerbaijan
The prospect of an open Turkish-Armenian frontier triggered panic in
Azerbaijan, both in government and at large. Many people felt that
Turkey would be abandoning its ally by opening the border with Armenia
before Armenia had pulled troops out of western Azerbaijan and the
breakaway republic of Nagorny-Karabakh.
Turkey and Azerbaijan have been close since the early 1990s, so
Turkey's talks with Armenia shocked Baku. Azerbaijan has, however,
also engaged in talks with Russia, which has traditionally been an
Armenian ally, and even used the Turkish-Armenian rapprochement as an
excuse.
The Nagorny-Karabakh issue
A decision to open the border with Armenia would mean that Turkey had
largely abandoned its symbolic support for Azerbaijan over
Nagorny-Karabakh. However, commentators in Turkey have long questioned
the efficacy of the closed border as a means to force Armenia to
negotiate over Karabakh, since it has failed to work for the last 15
years.
The settlement of the Nagorny-Karabakh conflict and the normalisation
of Turkish-Armenian relations should be seen as distinct processes.
Turkish-Armenian affairs
The Turkish-Armenian talks were kept low profile. Many meetings were
held in a very short time, but no substantial statements were made.
In the run-up to April 24, 2009, Armenian Genocide Memorial Day, the
media covered the process closely and the road map, published on April
23, massively raised expectations. However, the disappointment was
widespread after the talks failed to progress rapidly. In Armenia,
there was a general perception that Turkey had not been negotiating in
good faith.
The Turkish prime minister's visit to Baku in May 2009 led to
substantial discomfort in Armenia. Erdogan spoke emotionally of his
support of Azerbaijan, which harmed the Armenian perception of
progress made. An enlarged role for Turkey in the south Caucasus
became less welcome and the expression "Turks never change" was
frequently heard in Yerevan.
Turkey's hesitation left Armenians thinking that its foreign policy in
the south Caucasus was entirely hostage to Azerbaijan.
The Protocols
On August 31, 2009 the foreign ministries of Armenia, Turkey and
mediator Switzerland announced that Yerevan and Ankara had agreed to
start internal political consultations on establishing relations
between them. The two protocols provide a framework for normalising
their bilateral relations within a reasonable timeframe. The political
consultations will be completed within six weeks, following which the
two protocols will be signed and submitted to the respective
parliaments for ratification by each side.
The protocols make clear that the process of Armenian-Turkish
rapprochement is not dependent on any preconditions related to
Nagorny-Karabakh or the recognition of the genocide.
`For the first time in the history of independent Armenia, the signing
of a most important international document will follow public
discussions. They will allow the hearing of all opinions and
approaches,' Armenian President Serzh Sarkisian said.
What Next?
Whether Turkey and Armenia can overcome their internal issues and
proceed to normalise the bilateral relationship will become clear
during the next two months.
Tevan Poghosyan is executive director of the International Centre for
Human Development, ICHD, in Yerevan.
Sept 3 2009
INCHING FORWARD IN ARMENIAN-TURKISH TIES
Football diplomacy: where are we now?
By Tevan Poghosyan
On June 2008, Armenian President Serzh Sarkisian invited Turkish
counterpart Abdullah Gul to watch a match in Yerevan between the
Armenian and Turkish football teams. This triggered heated discussion
in both countries about what really lay behind the invitation.
The pressure to normalise relations increased after the war in Georgia
in August 2008, which demonstrated the vulnerability of all the
countries in the region to a repeat shock. Commentators in both
countries said the peace process would heighten stability in the south
Caucasus.
Turkey failed to maintain momentum, which initially seemed to have
harmed the opportunity for a resolution to the conflict in the south
Caucasus. What was seen in Yerevan as an anti-Armenian policy followed
by Ankara for the last 15 years appears to have cast a shadow over
moves towards peace. Doves argued, however, that the opening of the
border with Armenia and the establishment of diplomatic relations
would, in fact, open the way to addressing every dimension of the
conflict between Armenia and Turkey.
Hopes built again after April 22, 2009, when the two sides signed a
`road map' detailing measures to open the border, establish diplomatic
relations and set up a forum for considering current disputes.
Finally on August 31, Turkey and Armenia took a new step, and agreed
to start internal political consultations on two protocols ` the
`Protocol on the establishment of diplomatic relations' and the
`Protocol on the development of bilateral relations'.
The Caucasus Stability and Cooperation Platform
Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced his initiative
for a `Caucasus Stability and Cooperation Platform', CSCP, on August
13, 2008 in Moscow. The CSCP cannot come into effect if Turkey has not
established sound relations with all countries in the region. Without
a normalisation of Turkish-Armenian relations, it will be a dead
letter, and this has made Turkey keener to resolve outstanding
disputes.
The Reaction from Azerbaijan
The prospect of an open Turkish-Armenian frontier triggered panic in
Azerbaijan, both in government and at large. Many people felt that
Turkey would be abandoning its ally by opening the border with Armenia
before Armenia had pulled troops out of western Azerbaijan and the
breakaway republic of Nagorny-Karabakh.
Turkey and Azerbaijan have been close since the early 1990s, so
Turkey's talks with Armenia shocked Baku. Azerbaijan has, however,
also engaged in talks with Russia, which has traditionally been an
Armenian ally, and even used the Turkish-Armenian rapprochement as an
excuse.
The Nagorny-Karabakh issue
A decision to open the border with Armenia would mean that Turkey had
largely abandoned its symbolic support for Azerbaijan over
Nagorny-Karabakh. However, commentators in Turkey have long questioned
the efficacy of the closed border as a means to force Armenia to
negotiate over Karabakh, since it has failed to work for the last 15
years.
The settlement of the Nagorny-Karabakh conflict and the normalisation
of Turkish-Armenian relations should be seen as distinct processes.
Turkish-Armenian affairs
The Turkish-Armenian talks were kept low profile. Many meetings were
held in a very short time, but no substantial statements were made.
In the run-up to April 24, 2009, Armenian Genocide Memorial Day, the
media covered the process closely and the road map, published on April
23, massively raised expectations. However, the disappointment was
widespread after the talks failed to progress rapidly. In Armenia,
there was a general perception that Turkey had not been negotiating in
good faith.
The Turkish prime minister's visit to Baku in May 2009 led to
substantial discomfort in Armenia. Erdogan spoke emotionally of his
support of Azerbaijan, which harmed the Armenian perception of
progress made. An enlarged role for Turkey in the south Caucasus
became less welcome and the expression "Turks never change" was
frequently heard in Yerevan.
Turkey's hesitation left Armenians thinking that its foreign policy in
the south Caucasus was entirely hostage to Azerbaijan.
The Protocols
On August 31, 2009 the foreign ministries of Armenia, Turkey and
mediator Switzerland announced that Yerevan and Ankara had agreed to
start internal political consultations on establishing relations
between them. The two protocols provide a framework for normalising
their bilateral relations within a reasonable timeframe. The political
consultations will be completed within six weeks, following which the
two protocols will be signed and submitted to the respective
parliaments for ratification by each side.
The protocols make clear that the process of Armenian-Turkish
rapprochement is not dependent on any preconditions related to
Nagorny-Karabakh or the recognition of the genocide.
`For the first time in the history of independent Armenia, the signing
of a most important international document will follow public
discussions. They will allow the hearing of all opinions and
approaches,' Armenian President Serzh Sarkisian said.
What Next?
Whether Turkey and Armenia can overcome their internal issues and
proceed to normalise the bilateral relationship will become clear
during the next two months.
Tevan Poghosyan is executive director of the International Centre for
Human Development, ICHD, in Yerevan.