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The Syrian Crisis: A View from Azerbaijan
by Bayram Balci
March 18, 2013
Foreign Policy Journal
http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/03/18/the-syrian-crisis-a-view-from-azerbaijan/view-all/
It's been two years since the Syrian uprising led to the most violent
of all the `Arab spring' revolutions. The ongoing bloodshed shows no
sign of appeasement and Syria has reached an impasse. Any development
in the situation implies so many political and religious consequences
for the Syrians, as well as for the neighboring countries, that it
jeopardizes the whole and fragile regional status quo.[1] The
deterioration of what is now a civil war into a sectarian conflict
between opposing Shia and Sunni communities has spread to Lebanon[2]
and raises the specter of more confessional or sectarian unrest in
Turkey and in Iraq. Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar took sides with
the opposition, which is mainly Sunni, while Iran, Bagdad, and
Hezbollah in Lebanon[3] took sides with the Assad regime, which is
supported essentially by the Shia/Alawite community, so that at the
regional level, domestic and international politics alike are now
affected by the Syrian war.
Several studies have focused on its potential impact on Lebanon, Iraq,
or Turkey,[4] but none so far has given insight into Azerbaijan's
perceptions of it. The small but oil-rich Caucasian country offers an
original and interesting point of view, as it is itself a mixed nation
of Sunni and Shia communities. Azerbaijan is a close ally of Turkey,
one of the key anti-Assad strongholds. Although to a lesser extent, as
it is not an immediate neighbor to Syria, Azerbaijan is affected by
the ongoing civil war. And the damage could be more substantial that
we think for this long forsaken but strategically and energetically
important country to the region, as well as to European and to US
interests.
What makes Azerbaijan so vulnerable about the so far war-torn Syria,
is the religious turn the conflict is taking. With a population of 60%
Shia and 40% Sunni, Azerbaijan is under the direct influence of both
Iran and Turkey. Now, the regime is very concerned about the
increasing confessionalization that has shaken the Middle East since
the Arab springs because it might indirectly weigh on its own
antagonistic communities and threaten its national stability.
The Azerbaijani State reaction to the Syrian conflict
Azerbaijan has been independent for two decades, and over that period
of time, it built neither strong political nor economic relations with
Syria. On the regional geopolitical scene, they stood on different
sides: Syria is a close ally of Russia and Armenia, because of a large
Armenian diaspora in the country. Azerbaijan wishes to cut free from
the Russian influence and is still at war with Armenia over the
Karabakh territory and other occupied Azerbaijani lands. However,
Azerbaijan and Syria established diplomatic bilateral relations as
early as 1992. But it was not until May 2008 that Azerbaijan opened an
embassy in Damascus. Bashar al-Assad visited Baku for the first time
in July 2009 and signed in March 2010 a significant gas agreement,
according to which Azerbaijan was to supply Syria with a 1.5 billion
m3 of gas every year.[5]
Since the outbreak of the Arab spring revolutions, Baku is stranded in
a political limbo. The regime shares a lot with the deposed despots of
Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt, and even more with Assad's Syria. Most
post-Soviet autocratic regimes don't feel secure from contagion[6] and
have taken exceptional and giveaway measures out of
self-protection.[7] In the suburbs of Baku, the statue of former
Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak was removed and replaced by a more
neutral monument.[8] The comparison of the Azerbaijani regime with
Syria is even more striking. Both Aliyev and Assad succeeded their
father and turned the system into a dynastic autocracy.
Azerbaijan had to back the Arab League decision to suspend Syria,[9]
but since the Arab spring began, Baku has remained cautiously silent.
The escalation of violence in Syria between pro- and anti-Assad forces
varies in inverse proportion to the deafening silence shown by
Azerbaijan (and other regional and international powers). Baku cannot
possibly and openly support the Syrian opposition, but repeatedly
reproved Assad's regime for the violent repression targeted at
civilians. As a non-permanent UN Council member - since October 2011
and for the next couple of years - Azerbaijan has proven even more
cautious. Overshadowed by both Iran and Turkey, it finds itself stuck
between the two major pro- and anti- Assad supports in the region.
However, Azerbaijan broke the silence and reacted strongly when in
July 2012 Armenian authorities allowed Armenian refugees from Syria to
settle in the Karabakh districts.[10] The dispute over Karabakh and
occupied territories by Armenian forces still fuels harsh criticism
and Baku was loud in condemnation of this illegal and unacceptable
settlement.[11]
Baku has apparently no interest in a change of regime in Damascus. It
would prove the people are right and can overthrow an autocratic
regime that shares strong similarities with Aliyev's regime in Baku. A
victory of the Syrian opposition cannot but encourage Azerbaijani
opposition forces to undertake the same fight. On the other side, in
terms of regional geopolitics, a regime change in Damascus, whatever
comes afterwards, would benefit Baku in the sense that it would muffle
Iran's influence and reinforce ties with Turkey, without openly
joining the coalition against Assad's regime. Aliyev surely doesn't
want to shoot himself in the foot by supporting the Syrian opposition
and give way to domestic social, political and economic claims. The
Syrian crisis already sparked social protests in January 2013 in
capital city as well as in several countryside cities, but they were
repressed, and many were arrested and are still held in custody.[12]
The threat of confessionalization in the Syrian conflict over
Azerbaijani national integrity
The increasing and region wide Sunni and Shia split is a major threat
to Azerbaijan's national stability because of its unique and mixed
Shia and Sunni religious identity. It's the only Turkic-speaking state
from the former Soviet empire to experience such a divide, inherited
from history and geography - an obscure border zone between Ottoman and
Safawid empires. Soviet systematic anti-religion repression had
relatively successfully turned a traditional Muslim society into
secular socialist citizens and laymen. The first independent republic
of Azerbaijan (1918-1920) gave the illusion it had smoothed out all
religious divides. By 1991, people who were confined in much smaller
borders and were now deprived of their supranational Soviet identity
were in quest of new one, both individual and collective. Religion
became a powerful cultural and national identity marker. The
spontaneous Islamic revival that followed was soon encouraged by
foreign religious groups, originating among others from Turkey and
Iran. Turkish proselytes both governmental (from the Diyanet on behalf
of Ankara) and private (mostly Saït Nursi's and Fethullah Gülen's
disciples, but also Suleyman Tunahan's followers and Osman Nuri
Topbas's naqshibendis) indirectly challenged the Shia influence from
some of Iran's most popular ayatollahs and marja'al taqlid. Although
it wasn't an open competition, their influential efforts contributed
to revive the national divide between the Sunni and Shia communities
in Azerbaijan.[13]
The reestablishment of diplomatic bilateral relations between newly
independent Azerbaijan and Iran favored the promotion and
dissemination of official religious guidance from Ali Khamenei, the
supreme guide of the Iranian Islamic revolution, since Khomeini's
death in 1989. Hundreds of Azerbaijani students moved to major Shia
religious centers, like Qom and Meshhed, where they came in contact
with influential religious thinkers. And in turn, they spread their
word back home.
Besides, other Sunni and more or less radical Salafi movements
originating from the Arabic Peninsula developed and emerged on the
religious scene of the Northern Caucasus and Northern Sunni regions of
Azerbaijan, where they had never been before, and exacerbated the
Sunni Shia divide.
For national stability purposes, the Azerbaijani state has established
a tight control over all religious groups through two institutions:
the Muslim Board and the state Committee for Religious affairs, who
are both in charge of promoting an official national Islamic faith and
identity and for subduing to their authority (and to central power)
all religious activists in the country.
The religious situation was more or less under control until the Arab
spring sparked in Syria and deteriorated into a Sunni against Shia
civil war. Baku first succeeded in containing Iranian influence; and
after 2010, they started to react to Turkish influence as well.
Official religious cooperation with Ankara decreased. The central
mosque on the Martyrs' place, which was a landmark of Turkish
religious influence in the country, was officially closed for security
reasons,[14] but the true motive behind the closure did not lure
anyone. Baku's reaction to whatever form of foreign influence
indicates how concerned they are about gaining their control back over
their own destiny and keeping the secular harmony between their
communities so as to ensure national integrity.
But the Syrian crisis weighs on the nation's religious quarrels. One
may object that only a non-significant minority of pious Muslims and
religious figures are genuinely concerned and involved, while the vast
majority of the secularized population looks at Syria more with
curiosity than solidarity[15] because it is focused on its own
survival. It is undeniable that the Azerbaijanis are traditionally
little informed nor interested in what's happening in the Middle East.
However, religious leaders, activists, and disciples follow Syrian
updates with great interest because they resonate on the Azerbaijani
religious scene. The traditionally very discreet Salafi community and
social network, which is itself divided on this issue among others,
kept its distance. The Salafi leader and prosecuted imam since 2008,
Gamet Suleymanov, hardly ever mentions Syria in his preaches. But, if
they don't speak out publicly, individuals do in private and support
jihad forces in Syria. Reports of Caucasian jihadists, from Northern
Caucasian ethnic groups like Lezgins, Udins, Avars, and Chechens, have
been made.[16] Those were involved in Afghanistan before, but their
actual number in Syria and their story is hard to trace.
As for Shia activists, they are much more open about the Syrian
crisis: openly supporting the Assad regime against the opposition and
its foreign advocates. The most charismatic Shia leader in Azerbaijan
is Hadji Ilgar Ibrahimoglu, who we interviewed in his office of the
DEVAMM human rights association.[17] He clearly does not believe in
the democratic and revolutionary aspirations of the Syrian opposition
to Assad and blames foreign intelligence. `What is happening in Syria
is not a people revolution against a tyrant - although Assad is one - but
a plot formed by the United States and Israel to overthrow the regime
of Bashar al-Assad; and doing so, the objective is to get rid of
Iran's major ally in the region' [18]. (It is worth mentioning that
there is truth in what he says, with the U.S. providing assistance to
the armed rebel forces and the CIA coordinating the flow of arms from
Saudi Arabia and Qatar to the rebels.) On the one hand, he ignores the
Syrians' democratic claims, and on the other, he's among the first
religious men in Azerbaijan to blame Aliyev's regime for autocratic
practices. When questioned about his paradoxical attitude, he dodges
the issue and gives a pure religious reading of the situation.
The leaders of another influential Shia association working `for the
promotion of moral purity', Manevi Safliga Devet Ijtimai Birligi,[19]
Elshan Guliev and Elshan Mustafaoglu, took a similar stand: `behind
the support to the rebels are foreign powers that are hostile to Iran
and to Shia and who want to punish the Syrian regime for being
pro-Iran'[20]. They added: `There is no such thing as Western
democratic intentions, nor for Syria, nor for any other Arab country;
the West proved totally indifferent to the Shia uprising in Bahrein'.
And for many Shia in Azerbaijan, `the United States and their Sunni
friends allied against Iran only to weaken Ahmadinejad's regime'.[21]
Their reaction in solidarity with Assad's regime has actually few
religious motivations. Both schools differ very much in terms of
religious fundamentals, and all attempts at including Alawis in the
greater Twelfth Imam Shia failed, but they both praise Ali,[22] and
that's pretty much where the comparison ends. The Alawis of Syria do
not recognize the authority of any marja'al taqlid, whether from Iran
or Iraq, and remain loyal to their ancestral syncretic practice, known
as ghulat or `excessive' by all other Shia schools.[23] Although they
were under Russian and Soviet rule for a long time, Azerbaijani Shia
recognize the authority of Shia leaders of Iraq and Iran. Whereas many
Azerbaijani Shia students stayed in the Shia district of Sayyida
Zaynab in Damascus, and many pilgrims visit the place, they haven't
bond with the Syrian Alawis, nor did they seek to learn more about
their particular practice.[24] Their affinity with the Alawis is not
to be found in religion. They are pro-Assad by default. They are well
aware the man is a tyrant, but the feeling that Arab spring
revolutions will favor the Muslim Brotherhood is extremely pervasive
in the Shia community. In parallel, they believe that the Assad's
regime is the last and only bulwark against the dangerous thriving of
radical Salafi movements all across the region.
But, there are other hidden and probably more important reasons behind
their support for Assad, like their strong identification with Shia
Iranian organizations. With the exception of the illegal and marginal
Islamic Party of Azerbaijan, Azerbaijani Shia organizations cannot
display open solidarity with Iran, but in reality they do, as they all
follow the guidance of great religious thinkers. In Azerbaijan, the
most popular marja' al taqlid are Ali Khamenei, Ali Sistani, Jaffar
Subhani, Javad Makarrami, Fazil Lenkerani (deceased in 2007), and
Jevad Tabrizi (deceased in 2006). With the exception of Ali Sistani,
all are Iranians and based in Iran, and young Azerbaijani leaders like
Haji Ilgar or Elshan Mustafaoglu were educated in Iran and remain
close to the position of Iran's greatest figures and for more
political reasons than religious affinity with Syria's Alawis.
Future perspectives
The Syrian war is a serious concern for the regime in Baku. Beyond the
Sunni Shia split, the secular opposition forces view the Arab spring
revolutions as a source of inspiration. A recent poll shows that only
35 percent of the Azerbaijani believe the country is going in the
right direction, against 34 percent who wish for a revolution on the
example of what happened in Northern Africa, 14 percent who are
disgruntled but favor the status quo and stability, and 17 percent who
do not give an opinion, probably because they fear chaos in a
Syria-like scenario, as shown by official media propaganda and
reports. Moreover, the interest shown by religious leaders and
communities for the confessionalization of the conflict in Syria is
one more concern for Azerbaijani central authorities, who fear for
national integrity and stability as it stresses antagonisms in the
community.
At the same time, a regime change in Damascus would be disastrous for
Baku. The war and chaos in Syria legitimates (or at least helps) the
autocratic regime in Azerbaijan, like other dictatorial regimes of the
former Soviet Union and shows that strong power only guarantees peace
and national cohesion, especially in multicultural and multi religious
contexts. On the other side, a regime change in Damascus would stress
Russian and Iranian diplomatic failures and indirectly pave the way
for the emerging of Azerbaijan as a regional power. Of two evils,
Azerbaijan has to choose the least. While Baku is weighing the pros
and cons for its sole national interests, like we all do, Syrian
civilians continue to fall under the harsh repression of their
democratic aspirations.
References
[1] George Joffé, « The regional implications of the conflict in
Syria', NOREF, Norvegian Peacebuilding Ressource Center,May 2012, URL
: http://www.peacebuilding.no/Regions/Middle-East-and-North-Africa/Syria/Publications/The-regional-implications-of-the-conflict-in-Syria
[2] Paul Salem, « Syrian Crisis Spills into Lebanon », Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, May 22, 2012, URL :
http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/05/21/syrian-crisis-spills-into-lebanon/ausr
[3] Deborah Amos, « Syrian Uprising Raises The Specter Of Sectarian
War', National Program Radio, Januray 04 2012, URL :
http://www.npr.org/2012/01/04/144626452/syrian-uprising-raises-the-specter-of-sectarian-war
[4] See for example, John Calabrese, « The Regional Implications of
the Syria Crisis',Middle East Institute, December 21, 2012, URL :
http://www.mei.edu/content/regional-implications-syria-crisis
[5] On the history of relations between Azerbaijan and Syria, see the
official website of Azerbaijan Foreign Affairs Ministry:
http://www.google.az/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCQQ FjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.az%2Ffiles%2Ffil e%2FSuriya.pdf&ei=QkUFUeHRLe670QHTy4CwBA&usg¯QjCNG VkE00HIKk4KlunN-qfm23I15gqw&bvm=bv.41524429,d.dmQ
[6] Khadija Ismayilova, `Azerbaijan: Protests in Egypt Are
Reverberating in Baku', Eurasianet, January 31, 2011, URL :
http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62802
[7] Joanna Lillis, « Will There Be a Central Asian Spring?', Foreign
Policy, January 26, 2012, URL :
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/24/will_there_be_a_central_asian_spring
[8] Kester Kenn Klomegah, « Arab Spring knocks at Azerbaijan's door »,
Al Jazeera, April 12 2011, URL :
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/04/2011411112810697612.html
[9] M. Aliev, « Azerbaijan to highlight complexity of Syrian issue at
UN Security Council », Trend Az, 4 January 2012, URL :
http://en.trend.az/news/politics/1976342.html
[10] Marianna Grigorian, « Armenia: An Uncertain `Homecoming' for
Syria's Diaspora', Eurasianet, July 31, 2011, URL :
http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65728 Voir aussi Marianna Grigoryan, «
Armenia: Syrian Refugees Resettling in Nagorno-Karabakh', Eurasianet,
January 24, 2013, URL : http://www.eurasianet.org/node/66446
[11] Eldar Mehdiev, `Azerbaijan to discuss settlement of occupied
Azerbaijani territories by Syrian Armenians at PACE', Trend, 8 August
2012, URL : http://en.trend.az/news/karabakh/2054397.html
[12] Gunel Ahmad, « Azerbaijan: Police Crack Down on Baku Protesters',
Eurasianet, January 26, 2013, URL :
http://www.eurasianet.org/node/66454
[13] Bayram Balci, Altay Goyushov, `Changing Islam in Post-Soviet
Azerbaijan and its impact on the Sunni-Shia cleavage', in: Maréchal,
Brigitte & Zemni, Sami,Contemporary Sunni-Shia relationships, Hurst &
Co Publishers Ltd, 2012)
[14] Interview with Religious attaché in Turkey's embassy in
Azerbaijan, Bakou, December 2012.
[15] Sofie Bedford, `Islam in Azerbaidjan', The Caucasien Analytical
Digest, N° 44, 20 November 2012, pp. 12-16, URL :
http://www.laender-analysen.de/cad/pdf/CAD-44.pdf
[16] Kuwait Times, « Jihadists seeking Islamic state in post-Assad
Syria », URL : http://news.kuwaittimes.net/2013/01/14/jihadists-seeking-islamic-state-in-post-assad-syria
[17] Association for Religious and Conscious Liberty, founded and
managed by Ilgar Ibrahimoglu, and the website related to it, Deyerler
(Values): http://www.deyerler.org/
[18] Interveiw with Ilgar Ibrahimoglu, Baku, Dec 2012.
[19] See his website : http://www.manevisafliq.com/
[20] Interview with Elshan Guliev and Elshan Mustafaoglu.
[21] Ibid.
[22] Martin Kramer, « Syria's Alawis and Shi`ism », in Martin Kramer
(ed.), Shi'ism, Resistance, and Revolution, Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press, 1987), pp. 237-54, URL :
http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/syria-alawis-and-shiism/
[23] Moosa Matti, Extremist Shiites: the ghulat sects, Syracuse
University Press, 1987
[24] Interview with Kenan Rovshanoglu, Bakou, 21 December 2012.
by Bayram Balci
March 18, 2013
Foreign Policy Journal
http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/03/18/the-syrian-crisis-a-view-from-azerbaijan/view-all/
It's been two years since the Syrian uprising led to the most violent
of all the `Arab spring' revolutions. The ongoing bloodshed shows no
sign of appeasement and Syria has reached an impasse. Any development
in the situation implies so many political and religious consequences
for the Syrians, as well as for the neighboring countries, that it
jeopardizes the whole and fragile regional status quo.[1] The
deterioration of what is now a civil war into a sectarian conflict
between opposing Shia and Sunni communities has spread to Lebanon[2]
and raises the specter of more confessional or sectarian unrest in
Turkey and in Iraq. Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar took sides with
the opposition, which is mainly Sunni, while Iran, Bagdad, and
Hezbollah in Lebanon[3] took sides with the Assad regime, which is
supported essentially by the Shia/Alawite community, so that at the
regional level, domestic and international politics alike are now
affected by the Syrian war.
Several studies have focused on its potential impact on Lebanon, Iraq,
or Turkey,[4] but none so far has given insight into Azerbaijan's
perceptions of it. The small but oil-rich Caucasian country offers an
original and interesting point of view, as it is itself a mixed nation
of Sunni and Shia communities. Azerbaijan is a close ally of Turkey,
one of the key anti-Assad strongholds. Although to a lesser extent, as
it is not an immediate neighbor to Syria, Azerbaijan is affected by
the ongoing civil war. And the damage could be more substantial that
we think for this long forsaken but strategically and energetically
important country to the region, as well as to European and to US
interests.
What makes Azerbaijan so vulnerable about the so far war-torn Syria,
is the religious turn the conflict is taking. With a population of 60%
Shia and 40% Sunni, Azerbaijan is under the direct influence of both
Iran and Turkey. Now, the regime is very concerned about the
increasing confessionalization that has shaken the Middle East since
the Arab springs because it might indirectly weigh on its own
antagonistic communities and threaten its national stability.
The Azerbaijani State reaction to the Syrian conflict
Azerbaijan has been independent for two decades, and over that period
of time, it built neither strong political nor economic relations with
Syria. On the regional geopolitical scene, they stood on different
sides: Syria is a close ally of Russia and Armenia, because of a large
Armenian diaspora in the country. Azerbaijan wishes to cut free from
the Russian influence and is still at war with Armenia over the
Karabakh territory and other occupied Azerbaijani lands. However,
Azerbaijan and Syria established diplomatic bilateral relations as
early as 1992. But it was not until May 2008 that Azerbaijan opened an
embassy in Damascus. Bashar al-Assad visited Baku for the first time
in July 2009 and signed in March 2010 a significant gas agreement,
according to which Azerbaijan was to supply Syria with a 1.5 billion
m3 of gas every year.[5]
Since the outbreak of the Arab spring revolutions, Baku is stranded in
a political limbo. The regime shares a lot with the deposed despots of
Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt, and even more with Assad's Syria. Most
post-Soviet autocratic regimes don't feel secure from contagion[6] and
have taken exceptional and giveaway measures out of
self-protection.[7] In the suburbs of Baku, the statue of former
Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak was removed and replaced by a more
neutral monument.[8] The comparison of the Azerbaijani regime with
Syria is even more striking. Both Aliyev and Assad succeeded their
father and turned the system into a dynastic autocracy.
Azerbaijan had to back the Arab League decision to suspend Syria,[9]
but since the Arab spring began, Baku has remained cautiously silent.
The escalation of violence in Syria between pro- and anti-Assad forces
varies in inverse proportion to the deafening silence shown by
Azerbaijan (and other regional and international powers). Baku cannot
possibly and openly support the Syrian opposition, but repeatedly
reproved Assad's regime for the violent repression targeted at
civilians. As a non-permanent UN Council member - since October 2011
and for the next couple of years - Azerbaijan has proven even more
cautious. Overshadowed by both Iran and Turkey, it finds itself stuck
between the two major pro- and anti- Assad supports in the region.
However, Azerbaijan broke the silence and reacted strongly when in
July 2012 Armenian authorities allowed Armenian refugees from Syria to
settle in the Karabakh districts.[10] The dispute over Karabakh and
occupied territories by Armenian forces still fuels harsh criticism
and Baku was loud in condemnation of this illegal and unacceptable
settlement.[11]
Baku has apparently no interest in a change of regime in Damascus. It
would prove the people are right and can overthrow an autocratic
regime that shares strong similarities with Aliyev's regime in Baku. A
victory of the Syrian opposition cannot but encourage Azerbaijani
opposition forces to undertake the same fight. On the other side, in
terms of regional geopolitics, a regime change in Damascus, whatever
comes afterwards, would benefit Baku in the sense that it would muffle
Iran's influence and reinforce ties with Turkey, without openly
joining the coalition against Assad's regime. Aliyev surely doesn't
want to shoot himself in the foot by supporting the Syrian opposition
and give way to domestic social, political and economic claims. The
Syrian crisis already sparked social protests in January 2013 in
capital city as well as in several countryside cities, but they were
repressed, and many were arrested and are still held in custody.[12]
The threat of confessionalization in the Syrian conflict over
Azerbaijani national integrity
The increasing and region wide Sunni and Shia split is a major threat
to Azerbaijan's national stability because of its unique and mixed
Shia and Sunni religious identity. It's the only Turkic-speaking state
from the former Soviet empire to experience such a divide, inherited
from history and geography - an obscure border zone between Ottoman and
Safawid empires. Soviet systematic anti-religion repression had
relatively successfully turned a traditional Muslim society into
secular socialist citizens and laymen. The first independent republic
of Azerbaijan (1918-1920) gave the illusion it had smoothed out all
religious divides. By 1991, people who were confined in much smaller
borders and were now deprived of their supranational Soviet identity
were in quest of new one, both individual and collective. Religion
became a powerful cultural and national identity marker. The
spontaneous Islamic revival that followed was soon encouraged by
foreign religious groups, originating among others from Turkey and
Iran. Turkish proselytes both governmental (from the Diyanet on behalf
of Ankara) and private (mostly Saït Nursi's and Fethullah Gülen's
disciples, but also Suleyman Tunahan's followers and Osman Nuri
Topbas's naqshibendis) indirectly challenged the Shia influence from
some of Iran's most popular ayatollahs and marja'al taqlid. Although
it wasn't an open competition, their influential efforts contributed
to revive the national divide between the Sunni and Shia communities
in Azerbaijan.[13]
The reestablishment of diplomatic bilateral relations between newly
independent Azerbaijan and Iran favored the promotion and
dissemination of official religious guidance from Ali Khamenei, the
supreme guide of the Iranian Islamic revolution, since Khomeini's
death in 1989. Hundreds of Azerbaijani students moved to major Shia
religious centers, like Qom and Meshhed, where they came in contact
with influential religious thinkers. And in turn, they spread their
word back home.
Besides, other Sunni and more or less radical Salafi movements
originating from the Arabic Peninsula developed and emerged on the
religious scene of the Northern Caucasus and Northern Sunni regions of
Azerbaijan, where they had never been before, and exacerbated the
Sunni Shia divide.
For national stability purposes, the Azerbaijani state has established
a tight control over all religious groups through two institutions:
the Muslim Board and the state Committee for Religious affairs, who
are both in charge of promoting an official national Islamic faith and
identity and for subduing to their authority (and to central power)
all religious activists in the country.
The religious situation was more or less under control until the Arab
spring sparked in Syria and deteriorated into a Sunni against Shia
civil war. Baku first succeeded in containing Iranian influence; and
after 2010, they started to react to Turkish influence as well.
Official religious cooperation with Ankara decreased. The central
mosque on the Martyrs' place, which was a landmark of Turkish
religious influence in the country, was officially closed for security
reasons,[14] but the true motive behind the closure did not lure
anyone. Baku's reaction to whatever form of foreign influence
indicates how concerned they are about gaining their control back over
their own destiny and keeping the secular harmony between their
communities so as to ensure national integrity.
But the Syrian crisis weighs on the nation's religious quarrels. One
may object that only a non-significant minority of pious Muslims and
religious figures are genuinely concerned and involved, while the vast
majority of the secularized population looks at Syria more with
curiosity than solidarity[15] because it is focused on its own
survival. It is undeniable that the Azerbaijanis are traditionally
little informed nor interested in what's happening in the Middle East.
However, religious leaders, activists, and disciples follow Syrian
updates with great interest because they resonate on the Azerbaijani
religious scene. The traditionally very discreet Salafi community and
social network, which is itself divided on this issue among others,
kept its distance. The Salafi leader and prosecuted imam since 2008,
Gamet Suleymanov, hardly ever mentions Syria in his preaches. But, if
they don't speak out publicly, individuals do in private and support
jihad forces in Syria. Reports of Caucasian jihadists, from Northern
Caucasian ethnic groups like Lezgins, Udins, Avars, and Chechens, have
been made.[16] Those were involved in Afghanistan before, but their
actual number in Syria and their story is hard to trace.
As for Shia activists, they are much more open about the Syrian
crisis: openly supporting the Assad regime against the opposition and
its foreign advocates. The most charismatic Shia leader in Azerbaijan
is Hadji Ilgar Ibrahimoglu, who we interviewed in his office of the
DEVAMM human rights association.[17] He clearly does not believe in
the democratic and revolutionary aspirations of the Syrian opposition
to Assad and blames foreign intelligence. `What is happening in Syria
is not a people revolution against a tyrant - although Assad is one - but
a plot formed by the United States and Israel to overthrow the regime
of Bashar al-Assad; and doing so, the objective is to get rid of
Iran's major ally in the region' [18]. (It is worth mentioning that
there is truth in what he says, with the U.S. providing assistance to
the armed rebel forces and the CIA coordinating the flow of arms from
Saudi Arabia and Qatar to the rebels.) On the one hand, he ignores the
Syrians' democratic claims, and on the other, he's among the first
religious men in Azerbaijan to blame Aliyev's regime for autocratic
practices. When questioned about his paradoxical attitude, he dodges
the issue and gives a pure religious reading of the situation.
The leaders of another influential Shia association working `for the
promotion of moral purity', Manevi Safliga Devet Ijtimai Birligi,[19]
Elshan Guliev and Elshan Mustafaoglu, took a similar stand: `behind
the support to the rebels are foreign powers that are hostile to Iran
and to Shia and who want to punish the Syrian regime for being
pro-Iran'[20]. They added: `There is no such thing as Western
democratic intentions, nor for Syria, nor for any other Arab country;
the West proved totally indifferent to the Shia uprising in Bahrein'.
And for many Shia in Azerbaijan, `the United States and their Sunni
friends allied against Iran only to weaken Ahmadinejad's regime'.[21]
Their reaction in solidarity with Assad's regime has actually few
religious motivations. Both schools differ very much in terms of
religious fundamentals, and all attempts at including Alawis in the
greater Twelfth Imam Shia failed, but they both praise Ali,[22] and
that's pretty much where the comparison ends. The Alawis of Syria do
not recognize the authority of any marja'al taqlid, whether from Iran
or Iraq, and remain loyal to their ancestral syncretic practice, known
as ghulat or `excessive' by all other Shia schools.[23] Although they
were under Russian and Soviet rule for a long time, Azerbaijani Shia
recognize the authority of Shia leaders of Iraq and Iran. Whereas many
Azerbaijani Shia students stayed in the Shia district of Sayyida
Zaynab in Damascus, and many pilgrims visit the place, they haven't
bond with the Syrian Alawis, nor did they seek to learn more about
their particular practice.[24] Their affinity with the Alawis is not
to be found in religion. They are pro-Assad by default. They are well
aware the man is a tyrant, but the feeling that Arab spring
revolutions will favor the Muslim Brotherhood is extremely pervasive
in the Shia community. In parallel, they believe that the Assad's
regime is the last and only bulwark against the dangerous thriving of
radical Salafi movements all across the region.
But, there are other hidden and probably more important reasons behind
their support for Assad, like their strong identification with Shia
Iranian organizations. With the exception of the illegal and marginal
Islamic Party of Azerbaijan, Azerbaijani Shia organizations cannot
display open solidarity with Iran, but in reality they do, as they all
follow the guidance of great religious thinkers. In Azerbaijan, the
most popular marja' al taqlid are Ali Khamenei, Ali Sistani, Jaffar
Subhani, Javad Makarrami, Fazil Lenkerani (deceased in 2007), and
Jevad Tabrizi (deceased in 2006). With the exception of Ali Sistani,
all are Iranians and based in Iran, and young Azerbaijani leaders like
Haji Ilgar or Elshan Mustafaoglu were educated in Iran and remain
close to the position of Iran's greatest figures and for more
political reasons than religious affinity with Syria's Alawis.
Future perspectives
The Syrian war is a serious concern for the regime in Baku. Beyond the
Sunni Shia split, the secular opposition forces view the Arab spring
revolutions as a source of inspiration. A recent poll shows that only
35 percent of the Azerbaijani believe the country is going in the
right direction, against 34 percent who wish for a revolution on the
example of what happened in Northern Africa, 14 percent who are
disgruntled but favor the status quo and stability, and 17 percent who
do not give an opinion, probably because they fear chaos in a
Syria-like scenario, as shown by official media propaganda and
reports. Moreover, the interest shown by religious leaders and
communities for the confessionalization of the conflict in Syria is
one more concern for Azerbaijani central authorities, who fear for
national integrity and stability as it stresses antagonisms in the
community.
At the same time, a regime change in Damascus would be disastrous for
Baku. The war and chaos in Syria legitimates (or at least helps) the
autocratic regime in Azerbaijan, like other dictatorial regimes of the
former Soviet Union and shows that strong power only guarantees peace
and national cohesion, especially in multicultural and multi religious
contexts. On the other side, a regime change in Damascus would stress
Russian and Iranian diplomatic failures and indirectly pave the way
for the emerging of Azerbaijan as a regional power. Of two evils,
Azerbaijan has to choose the least. While Baku is weighing the pros
and cons for its sole national interests, like we all do, Syrian
civilians continue to fall under the harsh repression of their
democratic aspirations.
References
[1] George Joffé, « The regional implications of the conflict in
Syria', NOREF, Norvegian Peacebuilding Ressource Center,May 2012, URL
: http://www.peacebuilding.no/Regions/Middle-East-and-North-Africa/Syria/Publications/The-regional-implications-of-the-conflict-in-Syria
[2] Paul Salem, « Syrian Crisis Spills into Lebanon », Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, May 22, 2012, URL :
http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/05/21/syrian-crisis-spills-into-lebanon/ausr
[3] Deborah Amos, « Syrian Uprising Raises The Specter Of Sectarian
War', National Program Radio, Januray 04 2012, URL :
http://www.npr.org/2012/01/04/144626452/syrian-uprising-raises-the-specter-of-sectarian-war
[4] See for example, John Calabrese, « The Regional Implications of
the Syria Crisis',Middle East Institute, December 21, 2012, URL :
http://www.mei.edu/content/regional-implications-syria-crisis
[5] On the history of relations between Azerbaijan and Syria, see the
official website of Azerbaijan Foreign Affairs Ministry:
http://www.google.az/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCQQ FjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.az%2Ffiles%2Ffil e%2FSuriya.pdf&ei=QkUFUeHRLe670QHTy4CwBA&usg¯QjCNG VkE00HIKk4KlunN-qfm23I15gqw&bvm=bv.41524429,d.dmQ
[6] Khadija Ismayilova, `Azerbaijan: Protests in Egypt Are
Reverberating in Baku', Eurasianet, January 31, 2011, URL :
http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62802
[7] Joanna Lillis, « Will There Be a Central Asian Spring?', Foreign
Policy, January 26, 2012, URL :
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/24/will_there_be_a_central_asian_spring
[8] Kester Kenn Klomegah, « Arab Spring knocks at Azerbaijan's door »,
Al Jazeera, April 12 2011, URL :
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/04/2011411112810697612.html
[9] M. Aliev, « Azerbaijan to highlight complexity of Syrian issue at
UN Security Council », Trend Az, 4 January 2012, URL :
http://en.trend.az/news/politics/1976342.html
[10] Marianna Grigorian, « Armenia: An Uncertain `Homecoming' for
Syria's Diaspora', Eurasianet, July 31, 2011, URL :
http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65728 Voir aussi Marianna Grigoryan, «
Armenia: Syrian Refugees Resettling in Nagorno-Karabakh', Eurasianet,
January 24, 2013, URL : http://www.eurasianet.org/node/66446
[11] Eldar Mehdiev, `Azerbaijan to discuss settlement of occupied
Azerbaijani territories by Syrian Armenians at PACE', Trend, 8 August
2012, URL : http://en.trend.az/news/karabakh/2054397.html
[12] Gunel Ahmad, « Azerbaijan: Police Crack Down on Baku Protesters',
Eurasianet, January 26, 2013, URL :
http://www.eurasianet.org/node/66454
[13] Bayram Balci, Altay Goyushov, `Changing Islam in Post-Soviet
Azerbaijan and its impact on the Sunni-Shia cleavage', in: Maréchal,
Brigitte & Zemni, Sami,Contemporary Sunni-Shia relationships, Hurst &
Co Publishers Ltd, 2012)
[14] Interview with Religious attaché in Turkey's embassy in
Azerbaijan, Bakou, December 2012.
[15] Sofie Bedford, `Islam in Azerbaidjan', The Caucasien Analytical
Digest, N° 44, 20 November 2012, pp. 12-16, URL :
http://www.laender-analysen.de/cad/pdf/CAD-44.pdf
[16] Kuwait Times, « Jihadists seeking Islamic state in post-Assad
Syria », URL : http://news.kuwaittimes.net/2013/01/14/jihadists-seeking-islamic-state-in-post-assad-syria
[17] Association for Religious and Conscious Liberty, founded and
managed by Ilgar Ibrahimoglu, and the website related to it, Deyerler
(Values): http://www.deyerler.org/
[18] Interveiw with Ilgar Ibrahimoglu, Baku, Dec 2012.
[19] See his website : http://www.manevisafliq.com/
[20] Interview with Elshan Guliev and Elshan Mustafaoglu.
[21] Ibid.
[22] Martin Kramer, « Syria's Alawis and Shi`ism », in Martin Kramer
(ed.), Shi'ism, Resistance, and Revolution, Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press, 1987), pp. 237-54, URL :
http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/syria-alawis-and-shiism/
[23] Moosa Matti, Extremist Shiites: the ghulat sects, Syracuse
University Press, 1987
[24] Interview with Kenan Rovshanoglu, Bakou, 21 December 2012.